Liliales

Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Crotalaria plants. It inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-2, with IC50 values of 36.8 µM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline exhibits antitumor activity and shows certain cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells such as HepG2. It is also commonly used to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension models in rodents.

Pennogenin 3-O-beta-chacotrioside, isolated from *Paris polyphylla*, exhibits anti-colorectal cancer activity by modulating autophagy through increased expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin-1.

Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C, and cleaved-caspase-3 levels. Polyphyllin D has an anti-angiogenic effect. Polyphyllin D has toxicity in human RBCs as well as its underlying mechanism for the hemolysis and eryptosis/erythroptosis. Polyphyllin D has strong anticancer activity, can overcome drug resistance in R-HepG2 cells and elicit programmed cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction.

The biological activity of Jervine (Jerwiny) is mediated via its interaction with the 7 passes transmembrane protein Smoothened. Jervine binds with and inhibits smoothened, which is an integral part of the Hedgehog signaling pathways. With smoothened inhibited, the GLI1 transcription cannot be activated and Hedgehog target genes cannot be transcribed.

1. Polyphyllin VI has hemostasis , expectorant , bacteriostasis, anticytotoxic, anti pregnancy kill sperm effects.

Formosanin C (Polyphyllin B) is a compound isolated from Rhizoma Paridis, showed pro-apoptosis and immunoregulation with antitumor activity in cultured cells and animal systems.

Polyphyllin G (Polyphyllin VII), the the main member of polyphyllin family, shows strong anticancer activity against several carcinomas, including lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and osteosarcoma.

Yibeinoside A (Sinpeinine-3-O-β-glucoside) is an alkaloid from Fritillaria pallidiflora.

Zingiberen newsaponin is a steroidal saponin from Dioscorea zingiberensis.

Diosgenin glucoside (Trillin) and other synthetic glycosides with similar activities may be of use in the management of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Significant inhibition of Diosgenin glucoside synthesis and stimulation of solasodine glucosylation was found only with PC molecular species containing fatty acids with a chain length of 12-18 carbon atoms.

Veratramine (NSC-23880)(NSC-17821; NSC-23880) is a potent signal transduction inhibitor for treating tumors.

Velutin shows the strongest inhibitory effect in NF-κB activation and exhibits the greatest effects in blocking the degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB as well as in inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Velutin has anti-inflammatory property. Velutin exhibits the greatest potency among all flavones which reduce TNF-α and IL-6 production.

1. Peiminine (Raddeanine) is an effective inhibitor for lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung injury.

Polyphyllin II (Chonglou Saponin II) has hemostasis, expectorant, bacteriostasis, anticytotoxic, anti-pregnancy kill sperm effects.

1. Sipeimine (Kashmirine) has antiasthmatic effect, on tracheal M receptor antagonist. 2. Sipeimine can make Kaba cholinergic induced contraction of tracheal strips of the dose-response curve to the right.

Pseudojervine (O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyljervine) is derived from Veratrum nigrum L. Pseudojervine exhibits feeble inhibition activity against platelet aggregation.

Regaloside A is a phenylpropane derived from lily of the valley that shows DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 160 ppm.Regaloside A has anti-inflammatory activity and antidepressant activity.

1. Peimine (Wanpeinine A) has good anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. 2. Peimine is an inhibitor to inhibit LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by blocking the MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Isoverticine exhibits significant antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory activities, it also displays significant cytotoxicity.

1. Peimisine (Ebeiensine) can affect M-receptor, excit β-receptor, restrain the release of internal calcium, and promote to releaseing nitrogen monoxidum in order to relax tracheal smooth muscle and relieve asthma. 2. Peimisine can attenuate lung tissue injury( ALI), LDH and MDA amount in ALI mice in a dose dependent manner, it also lower the total protein, total white blood cells, lymphocyte and neutrophilic leukocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( BALF); suggests that peimisine can play a protective role against LPS-induced acute lung injury. 3. Peimisine has the protective effect on the experimental hepatic fibrosis formation, the possible mechanisms are associated with inhibiting fibrogenesis and fibrosis accumulation, and decreasing lipid peroxidation. 4. Peimisine can inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner, displaying 5 % inhibitory concentration values of 526.5 microM, thus, it may have antihypertensive action.

Regaloside C, a glycerol glucoside isolated from the Lilium genus, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties.

Polyphyllin H can be extracted from loblolly pine and rhizomes, has antitumor activity, and is used in studies of inflammation, fractures, and convulsions.

Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound found in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL and possesses anti-acne and tyrosinase inhibition properties. Additionally, isoastilbin demonstrates neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial, and anti-apoptotic properties, indicating potential for Alzheimer's disease research.