Picroside IV is an iridoid glycoside originating from the underground parts of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and serves as a derivative of Catalpol while demonstrating broad pharmacological functions including neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and anti-HBV effects. Picroside IV therefore represents a therapeutically valuable bioactive molecule with high relevance in disease prevention and treatment research.