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Autophagy
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Mitophagy
Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. It often occurs to defective mitochondria following damage or stress. Mitophagy is key in keeping the cell healthy. It promotes turnover of mitochondria and prevents accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria which can lead to cellular degeneration. It is mediated by Atg32 (in yeast) and NIX and its regulator BNIP3 in mammals. Mitophagy is regulated by PINK1 and parkin proteins. In addition to the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, mitophagy is also required to adjust mitochondrial numbers to changing cellular metabolic needs, for steady-state mitochondrial turnover, and during certain cellular developmental stages, such as during cellular differentiation of red blood cells.
- CurcuminT1516458-37-7Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
- $30
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Cited - Mdivi-1T1907338967-87-6Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a mitochondrial division inhibitor that inhibits DRP1 and Dynamin I (IC50=1-10 μM). Mdivi-1 inhibits mitochondrial autophagy.
- $39
SizeQTY Cited - Deferoxamine MesylateT1637138-14-7Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFOM) is an iron chelator and ferroptosis inhibitor. Deferoxamine Mesylate binds free iron into a stable complex and reduces iron accumulation. Deferoxamine Mesylate up-regulates HIF-1α levels and induces apoptosis.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - DexamethasoneT107650-02-2Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and an IL receptor modulator. Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy. Dexamethasone inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.
- $45
SizeQTY Cited - 3-MethyladenineT18795142-23-43-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor that selectively inhibits class IB PI3Kγ (IC50=60 μM) and class III VPS34 (IC50=25 μM). 3-Methyladenine inhibits autophagy.
- $35
SizeQTY Cited - RuxolitinibT1829941678-49-5Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is a JAK1 2 inhibitor (IC50=3.3 2.8 nM) that is potent and selective. Rixolitinib exhibits antitumor activity and induces autophagy and apoptosis.
- $53
SizeQTY Cited - Doxorubicin hydrochlorideT102025316-40-9Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I II (IC50=0.8 2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - OlaparibT3015763113-22-0Olaparib (KU0059436) is a small molecule inhibitor of PARP1 PARP2 (IC50=5 1 nM), with weak inhibitory activity against PARP tankyrase-1 (IC50=1.5 μM), and is selective and orally active. Olaparib exhibits autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy activation activity.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - Ruxolitinib phosphateT30431092939-17-7Ruxolitinib phosphate (INCB018424)(INCB018424 phosphate) is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3.
- $44
SizeQTY Cited - EtoposideT013233419-42-0Etoposide (VP-16-213) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA (IC50=60.3 μM). Etoposide has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis and autophagy.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - AICART14772627-69-2AICAR (NSC105823) is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes.
- $30
SizeQTY Cited - Valproic acid sodium saltT16021069-66-5Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium Valproate) is the sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproic acid sodium salt is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, Valproic acid sodium salt increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproic acid sodium salt may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect.
- $42
SizeQTY Cited - NaringinT059510236-47-2Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
- $35
SizeQTY Cited - QuercetinT2174117-39-5Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.
- $42
SizeQTY Cited - KaempferolT2177520-18-3Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.
- $46
SizeQTY Cited - Liensinine diperchlorateT4S11025088-90-4Liensinine Diperchlorate is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the embryonic seeds of the sacred lotus. It inhibits late autophagy by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion and exhibits biological activities such as anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
- $41
SizeQTY - Sulfosuccinimidyl oleateT13036135661-44-8In houseSulfosuccinimidyl oleate (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate) (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate) is a long chain fatty acid that inhibits fatty acid transport into cells. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate binds the CD36 receptor on the surface of microglia. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate is neuroprotective and alleviates stroke-induced neuroinflammation [1] [2].
- $1,520
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- Oxidopamine hydrochlorideT1235228094-15-7Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is an neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.
- $39
SizeQTY Cited - ResveratrolT1558501-36-0Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.
- $36
SizeQTY Cited - Brefeldin AT606220350-15-6Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - U0126T21332109511-58-2U0126, an effective and selective non-competitive inhibitor of MAP kinase, inhibits MEK-1 and MEK-2 with IC50 values of 0.07 and 0.06 μM respectively. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy.
- $110
SizeQTY Cited - ABT-737T2099852808-04-9ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w (EC50s: 78.7 30.3 197.8 nM).
- $64
SizeQTY Cited - U0126-EtOHT62231173097-76-1U0126-EtOH (U0126 Ethanol) is a non-ATP competitive specific inhibitor of MEK1 2 (IC50: 0.07 0.06 μM).
- $30
SizeQTY Cited - VorinostatT1583149647-78-9Vorinostat (SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (IC50=10 nM) with inhibitory activity against HDAC1/2/3/6/7/11. Vorinostat has antitumor activity, induces cell differentiation, blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis.
- $44
SizeQTY Cited - Betulinic acidT2830472-15-1Betulinic acid (ALS-357) is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) which has antiretroviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as a more recently discovered potential as an anticancer agent, by inhibition of topoisomerase.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - Metformin hydrochlorideT07401115-70-4Metformin hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) , a widely used anti-diabetic drug, has a potential function as an anti-Y medicine. It inhibits the proliferation of a variety of Y cells including colon, prostate, and etc.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - URB-597T6714546141-08-6URB-597 (FAAH Inhibitor II) is an effective, orally bioavailable FAAH inhibitor (IC50: 4.6 nM), and no effect on other cannabinoid-related targets.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - Oxidopamine hydrobromideT12352L636-00-0Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.
- $56
SizeQTY Cited - TanespimycinT629075747-14-7Tanespimycin (KOS 953) (17-AAG) is an inhibitor of Hsp90 that selectively inhibits BT474 tumor cell Hsp90 (IC50: 5 nM).
- $38
SizeQTY Cited - TripterinT302834157-83-0Tripterin (Celastrol) is a natural product, a proteasome inhibitor that inhibits the pancreatic rennet-like activity of the 20S proteasome (IC50=2.5 μM). Tripterin has anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and immunomodulatory properties.
- $46
SizeQTY Cited - SunitinibT0374L557795-19-4Sunitinib (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that inhibits VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ (IC50=80/2 nM). Sunitinib has antitumor activity and can be used for the treatment of kidney cancer and gastrointestinal tumors.
- $53
SizeQTY Cited - 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochlorideT16625451-09-25-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA) serves as an intermediate in the body's heme biosynthesis and is the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - MelatoninT165973-31-4Melatonin (Melatonine) is a biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - Pitavastatin calciumT2534147526-32-7Pitavastatin calcium (NK-104) is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (Ki: 1.7 nM). It lowers both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals and humans. Metabolism of pitavastatin by the cytochrome P450 system is minimal, reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - CarbamazepineT0943298-46-4Carbamazepine (NSC-169864) is a tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.
- $37
SizeQTY Cited - Quinacrine dihydrochlorideT094269-05-6Quinacrine dihydrochloride (Mepacrine dihydrochloride) is the dihydrochloride salt of the 9-aminoacridine derivative quinacrine with potential antineoplastic and antiparasitic activities.
- $41
SizeQTY Cited - PolydatinT342727208-80-6Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C HDL-C and TC HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.
- $41
SizeQTY Cited - AspirinT000550-78-2Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) is a potent and selective inhibitor of COX with various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation and pain relief. Aspirin is a histone deacetylase inhibitors to up-regulate cell cycle arrest protein p21, which can suppresses ovarian Y cells harboring COX-1. Aspirin also inhibits the expression of COX-2 in HUVEC and neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, and then reduce PG production and the down-regulation of ERK and NF-KB, respectively.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - SimvastatinT068779902-63-9Simvastatin (MK 733) is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Ki=0.2 nM) with oral activity. Simvastatin has hypolipidemic activity, inhibits hepatic production of cholesterol, and is also used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
- $36
SizeQTY Cited - Valproic AcidT706499-66-1Valproic Acid (2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor that inhibits HDAC1 activity, induces HDAC2 degradation, and is orally active. Valproic Acid can be used in epilepsy and bipolar disorder research.
- $50
SizeQTY Cited - AdezmapimodT1764152121-47-6Adezmapimod (SB 203580) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor (IC50=0.3-0.5 μM) that is selective and ATP-competitive. Adezmapimod possesses autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy activating activity. Adezmapimod displays more than 100-fold higher selectivity than PKB, LCK, and GSK-3β.
- $30
SizeQTY Cited - MetforminT8526657-24-9Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) is an AMPK activator with blood-brain barrier permeability. Metformin may improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal glucose uptake, and is commonly used in type 2 diabetes research.
- $39
SizeQTY Cited - Esmolol hydrochlorideT150381161-17-3Esmolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker used in parenteral forms in the treatment of arrhythmias and severe hypertension. Esmolol has not been linked to instances of clinically apparent drug induced liver injury.
- $50
SizeQTY - Dexamethasone acetateT09471177-87-3Dexamethasone acetate (NSC 39471) is the acetate salt form of Dexamethasone, a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to binding to specific nuclear steroid receptors, dexamethasone also interferes with NF-kB activation and apoptotic pathways. This agent lacks the salt-retaining properties of other related adrenal hormones.
- $45
SizeQTY - Salicylic acidT064969-72-7Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid), a natural compound extracted from Willow bark, is an anti-inflammatory inhibitor of activity cyclooxygenase.
- $33
SizeQTY - LiensinineT5S10992586-96-11. Liensinine, a kind of isoquinoline alkaloid, can antagonize the ventricular arrhythmias.
- $47
SizeQTY - D-glutamineT64685959-95-5D-Glutamine is the D-type stereoisomer of cell-permeable glutamine, one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standardized genetic code.
- $30
SizeQTY - GSK3-IN-3T73331331963-27-0GSK3-IN-3 is a mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) inducer and GSK-3 inhibitor (IC50: 3.01 μM) that induces parkin-dependent mitochondrial autophagy. GSK3-IN-3 is non-ATP and non-substrate competitive and neuroprotective against 6-OHDA.
- $34
SizeQTY - Sunitinib MalateT0374341031-54-7Sunitinib Malate (Sunitinib) is an indolinone-based tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It blocks the tyrosine kinase activities of VEGFR2, PDGFRβ (IC50: 80/2 nM), and c-kit.
- $37
SizeQTY - Doxazosin mesylateT010177883-43-3Doxazosin mesylate (UK 33274 mesylate)(UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative. It is a selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.
- $38
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