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AutophagyMitophagy
Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. It often occurs to defective mitochondria following damage or stress. Mitophagy is key in keeping the cell healthy. It promotes turnover of mitochondria and prevents accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria which can lead to cellular degeneration. It is mediated by Atg32 (in yeast) and NIX and its regulator BNIP3 in mammals. Mitophagy is regulated by PINK1 and parkin proteins. In addition to the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, mitophagy is also required to adjust mitochondrial numbers to changing cellular metabolic needs, for steady-state mitochondrial turnover, and during certain cellular developmental stages, such as during cellular differentiation of red blood cells.
- OlaparibT3015763113-22-0Olaparib (KU0059436) is a small molecule inhibitor of PARP1 PARP2 (IC50=5 1 nM), with weak inhibitory activity against PARP tankyrase-1 (IC50=1.5 μM), and is selective and orally active. Olaparib exhibits autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy activation activity.
- $31
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Cited - Doxorubicin hydrochlorideT102025316-40-9Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I II (IC50=0.8 2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - 3-MethyladenineT18795142-23-43-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor that selectively inhibits class IB PI3Kγ (IC50 = 60 μM) and class III VPS34 (IC50 = 25 μM). 3-Methyladenine inhibits autophagy.
- $35
SizeQTY Cited - RuxolitinibT1829941678-49-5Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is a JAK1 2 inhibitor (IC50=3.3 2.8 nM) that is potent and selective. Rixolitinib exhibits antitumor activity and induces autophagy and apoptosis.
- $53
SizeQTY Cited - Ruxolitinib phosphateT30431092939-17-7Ruxolitinib phosphate (INCB018424)(INCB018424 phosphate) is the first potent, selective, JAK1 2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM 2.8 nM, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1 2 versus JAK3.
- $44
SizeQTY Cited - Mdivi-1T1907338967-87-6Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a mitochondrial division inhibitor that inhibits DRP1 and Dynamin I (IC50=1-10 μM). Mdivi-1 inhibits mitochondrial autophagy.
- $39
SizeQTY Cited - MetforminT8526657-24-9Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) is an AMPK activator with blood-brain barrier permeability. Metformin may improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal glucose uptake, and is commonly used in type 2 diabetes research.
- $39
SizeQTY Cited - CurcuminT1516458-37-7Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300 CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
- $30
SizeQTY Cited - Brefeldin AT606220350-15-6Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - DexamethasoneT107650-02-2Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties that induces autophagy and inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.
- $29
SizeQTY Cited - Deferoxamine MesylateT1637138-14-7Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFOM) is an iron chelator and ferroptosis inhibitor. Deferoxamine Mesylate binds free iron into a stable complex and reduces iron accumulation. Deferoxamine Mesylate up-regulates HIF-1α levels and induces apoptosis.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - QuercetinT2174117-39-5Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.
- $42
SizeQTY Cited - KaempferolT2177520-18-3Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.
- $46
SizeQTY Cited - ABT-737T2099852808-04-9ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic and an inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w (EC50=30.3 nM 78.7 nM 197.8 nM). ABT-737 exhibits antitumor activity and anti-aging activity.
- $64
SizeQTY Cited - Metformin hydrochlorideT07401115-70-4Metformin hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride), a widely used anti-diabetic drug, exhibits potential anti-Y properties by inhibiting the proliferation of various Y cells, including colon and prostate.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - EtoposideT013233419-42-0Etoposide (VP-16-213) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA (IC50=60.3 μM). Etoposide has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis and autophagy.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - P62-mediated mitophagy inducerT138091809031-84-2P62-mediated mitophagy inducer (PMI) is a regulator of mitophagy.
- $39
SizeQTY - TripterinT302834157-83-0Tripterin (Celastrol) is a natural product, a proteasome inhibitor that inhibits the pancreatic rennet-like activity of the 20S proteasome (IC50=2.5 μM). Tripterin has anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and immunomodulatory properties.
- $46
SizeQTY Cited - ResveratrolT1558501-36-0Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.
- $36
SizeQTY Cited - AICART14772627-69-2AICAR (Acadesine) is an AMPK activator that causes ZMP accumulation, thereby mimicking the stimulatory effect of AMP on both AMPK and AMPKK. It is commonly used in research related to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and tumors.
- $30
SizeQTY Cited - AdezmapimodT1764152121-47-6Adezmapimod (SB 203580) is a selective, ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor (IC50=0.3-0.5 μM) that activates autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy, with more than 100-fold higher selectivity over PKB, LCK, and GSK-3β.
- $30
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Cited - SimvastatinT068779902-63-9Simvastatin (MK 733) is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Ki=0.2 nM) with oral activity. Simvastatin has hypolipidemic activity, inhibits hepatic production of cholesterol, and is also used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
- $36
SizeQTY Cited - VorinostatT1583149647-78-9Vorinostat (SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (IC50=10 nM) with inhibitory activity against HDAC1 2 3 6 7 11. Vorinostat has antitumor activity, induces cell differentiation, blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis.
- $44
SizeQTY Cited - Oxidopamine hydrochlorideT1235228094-15-7Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is an neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.
- $39
SizeQTY Cited - Ginsenoside Rb1T282241753-43-9Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is part of a class of steroid glycosides; may have properties that inhibit or prevent the growth of tumors.
- $39
SizeQTY - AspirinT000550-78-2Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) is a COX inhibitor that inhibits COX1 and COX2 (IC50=5 210 μg mL) with selective, irreversible, and oral activity. Aspirin is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor that up-regulates the cell cycle blocking protein, p21. Aspirin has a variety of activities. Aspirin has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic, and antiplatelet aggregation activities.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - SunitinibT0374L557795-19-4Sunitinib (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that inhibits VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ (IC50=80 2 nM). It exhibits antitumor activity and is used for treating kidney cancer and gastrointestinal tumors.
- $53
SizeQTY Cited - Valproic AcidT706499-66-1Valproic Acid (2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor that inhibits HDAC1 activity, induces HDAC2 degradation, and is orally active. Valproic Acid can be used in epilepsy and bipolar disorder research.
- $50
SizeQTY Cited - IohexolT155466108-95-0Iohexol is an X-ray contrast agent containing varying concentrations of iohexol, which can be used for a variety of imaging applications.
- $41
SizeQTY - ParthenolideT214020554-84-1Parthenolide ((-)-Parthenolide) is a natural sesquiterpene lactone that is an NF-κB inhibitor and also specifically inhibits HDAC1 protein, but is inactive against other class I II HDACs. Parthenolide has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-viral activities.
- $50
SizeQTY - TanespimycinT629075747-14-7Tanespimycin (KOS 953) (17-AAG) is an inhibitor of Hsp90 that selectively inhibits BT474 tumor cell Hsp90 (IC50: 5 nM).
- $38
SizeQTY Cited - 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochlorideT16625451-09-25-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis and a universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - U0126-EtOHT62231173097-76-1U0126-EtOH (U0126 Ethanol) is a non-ATP competitive specific inhibitor of MEK1 2 (IC50: 0.07 0.06 μM).
- $30
SizeQTY Cited - PitavastatinT7072147511-69-1Pitavastatin (NK-104) is a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, effectively inhibiting cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid in HepG2 cells with an IC50 of 5.8 nM. It also induces hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptors and exhibits therapeutic activities such as anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and reno-protective effects.
- $970
SizeQTY - Oxidopamine hydrobromideT12352L636-00-0Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.
- $56
SizeQTY Cited - LiensinineT5S10992586-96-11. Liensinine, a kind of isoquinoline alkaloid, can antagonize the ventricular arrhythmias.
- $47
SizeQTY - IvermectinT113170288-86-7Ivermectin (MK-933) is an activator of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) with antiparasitic activity.
- $32
SizeQTY - MelatoninT165973-31-4Melatonin (Melatonine) is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland that activates melatonin receptors. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the biological clock and also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
- $31
SizeQTY Cited - PolydatinT342727208-80-6Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C HDL-C and TC HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.
- $41
SizeQTY Cited - MatrineT2870519-02-8Matrine (Vegard), an alkaloid isolated from the Sophora genus, acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist.
- $36
SizeQTY - Valproic acid sodium saltT16021069-66-5Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium Valproate) is the sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproic acid sodium salt is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, Valproic acid sodium salt increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproic acid sodium salt may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect.
- $42
SizeQTY Cited - Quinacrine dihydrochlorideT094269-05-6Quinacrine dihydrochloride (Mepacrine dihydrochloride) is the dihydrochloride salt of the 9-aminoacridine derivative quinacrine with potential antineoplastic and antiparasitic activities.
- $41
SizeQTY Cited - CarbamazepineT0943298-46-4Carbamazepine (NSC-169864) is a tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.
- $37
SizeQTY Cited - NaringinT059510236-47-2Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
- $35
SizeQTY Cited - IsoniazidT097254-85-3Isoniazid (Isonicotinic hydrazide) is an antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic.
- $36
SizeQTY - Salicylic acidT064969-72-7Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid), a natural compound extracted from Willow bark, is an anti-inflammatory inhibitor of activity cyclooxygenase.
- $33
SizeQTY - Betulinic acidT2830472-15-1Betulinic acid (ALS-357) is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) which has antiretroviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as a more recently discovered potential as an anticancer agent, by inhibition of topoisomerase.
- $33
SizeQTY Cited - BC1618T89292222094-18-8BC1618 (2-Propanol, 1-[bis(phenylmethyl)amino]-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-) is an orally active Fbxo48 inhibitor that stimulates Ampk-dependent signaling. It promotes mitochondrial fission, promotes autophagy and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity.
- $30
SizeQTY - Pitavastatin calciumT2534147526-32-7Pitavastatin calcium (NK-104) is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (Ki: 1.7 nM). It lowers both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals and humans. Metabolism of pitavastatin by the cytochrome P450 system is minimal, reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions.
- $34
SizeQTY Cited - TorkinibT24141092351-67-1Torkinib (PP 242) (PP 242) is a selective and ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor (IC50: 8 nM). It also inhibits mTORC1 2 (IC50s: 30 58 nM).
- $52
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