permeation

Salcaprozate sodium (SNAC), an oral absorption promoter, enhances passive transcellular permeation through small intestinal epithelia, making it a potent delivery agent for oral heparin and insulin by increasing lipophilicity via non-covalent macromolecule complexation.

2'-Deoxycytidine is one of the major nucleosides of DNA consisting of cytosine and deoxyribose and inhibits the biological effects of bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). The nucleoside consists only of a pentose sugar attached to a purine or pyrimidine base and has no phosphate group. When N1 is attached to C1 of deoxyribose, deoxyribosides and nucleotides are formed from cytosine and deoxyribose; deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). cTP is the source of cytosine in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is the source of deoxycytidine in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Itaconic acid is a polymer.

TH-237A is a novel neuroprotective agent exhibiting favorable permeation across the blood-brain barrier.

Butyl carbitol acetate enables deep permeation into the textile, with its low vapor pressure and boiling point.

Pal-KTTKS is a lipidated pentapeptide consisting of a fragment of the type I collagen C-terminal propeptide conjugated to palmitic acid .1 It increases collagen production in human corneal and dermal fibroblasts when used at concentrations of 0.002, 0.004, and 0.008 wt%.2 Following topical administration, pal-KTTKS (50 μg/cm2) is found in the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis of isolated hairless mouse skin.1 It can self-assemble into flat tapes and extended fibrillar structures.3 Pal-KTTKS has been detected in anti-wrinkle creams.4 |1. Choi, Y.L., Park, E.J., Kim, E., et al. Dermal stability and in vitro skin permeation of collagen pentapeptides (KTTKS and palmitoyl-KTTKS). Biomol. Ther. (Seoul) 22(4), 321-327 (2014).|2. Jones, R.R., Castelletto, V., Connon, C.J., et al. Collagen stimulating effect of peptide amphiphile C16-KTTKS on human fibroblasts. Mol. Pharm. 10(3), 1063-1069 (2013).|3. Castelletto, V., Hamley, I.W., Whitehouse, C., et al. Self-assembly of palmitoyl lipopeptides used in skin care products. Langmuir 29(29), 9149-9155 (2013).|4. Chirita, R.-I., Chaimbbault, P., Archambault, J.-C., et al. Development of a LC-MS/MS method to monitor palmitoyl peptides content in anti-wrinkle cosmetics. Anal. Chim. Acta 641(1-2), 95-100 (2009).

Cognac oil, predominantly derived from wine lees, exhibits distinctive fatty acid compositions, characterized by high proportions of Palmitic acid (59.26%), Linoleic acid (11.92%), Myristic acid (8.97%), and Oleic acid (8.3%) among other fatty acids. Notably, the application of Cognac oil enhances the permeability of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) across various membranes, resulting in a generalized increase in permeation.

Sephadex G 50 is a gel filtration medium commonly used in gel permeation chromatography for the effective fractionation of glycopeptide mixtures.

AChE BChE BACE-1-IN-2 (Compound 4o) is an orally active AChE, BACE-1, and BChE inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.069, 0.097, and 0.127 μM against hAChE, hBACE-1, and hBChE, respectively. It exhibits remarkable antioxidant potential, considerable binding capability towards PAS-AChE, potential disassembly of Aβ aggregates, and neuroprotective activity against Aβ-induced stress with excellent brain permeation [1].

Substance P (2-11), a fragment peptide of Substance P (SP), exhibits contractile effects on the guinea pig ileum and inhibits the permeation of tritiated SP (3 H SP) across brain microvessel endothelial cell (BBMEC) monolayers [1] [2].

HR1, a mastoid protease, enhances the permeability of human erythrocyte membranes and can induce cytoplasmic membrane permeation in bacteria and mast cells [1].

Cross-linked dextran G 200 is a hydrophilic gel designed for the separation of macromolecules based on molecular size exclusion. It operates through a gel permeation mechanism; its cross-linked structure forms a three-dimensional network with specific pore sizes, facilitating separation according to the hydrodynamic volume of molecules. This compound is utilized to regulate the partition coefficient of permeating solutes and maintain osmotic balance, and is commonly applied in gel filtration chromatography for the purification and analysis of biomacromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Additionally, Cross-linked dextran G 200 serves as a gel filtration medium (particle size range: 40-120 μm; spherical protein separation range: 5k-600k Da).

Hirsuteine is a natural product. It non-competitively antagonizes nicotine-mediated dopamine release by blocking ion permeation through nicotinic receptor channel complexes.

Taxol C can reduce interaction with the P-glycoprotein transporter that may allow for increased permeation of taxanes into the brain.