pad1

Streptonigrin is a natural product produced by Streptomyces flocculus, has both anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Streptonigrin acts as a pan-PAD inhibitor (IC50s: 48.3±34.2 µM, 26.1±0.3 µM, 0.43±0.03 µM, and 2.5±0.4 µM for PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, and PAD

Cl-amidine TFA is an orally active PAD inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3 and PAD4, respectively. This compound can induce cancer cell apoptosis, and also upregulate the expression of miR-16 (miRNA-16, microRNA-16), thereby triggering cell cycle arrest. In addition, Cl-amidine TFA can block the citrullination of histone 3 and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, effectively improving the survival rate of mice with sepsis.

KP-302 (compound 23) is a selective protein arginine deaminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor with a Ki of 60 μM, capable of reversing physical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) mice and clearing T-cell infiltration in the brain.

D-Cl-amidine is an effective and highly selective PAD1 inhibitor. D-Cl-amidine has a good correlation and no obvious toxicity.

Cl-amidine is an orally active inhibitor of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) with IC50 values of 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM, and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively. It induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

PAD-IN-3 (Compound 16) is a potent dual inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and PAD1, with IC50 values of 0.204 μM and 0.273 μM, respectively. It has potential applications in the research of citrullination-related diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.

CAY10727 is an inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 3 (PAD3; kinact/KI= 15,600 M-1min-1).1It is selective for PAD3 over PAD1, -2, and -4 (kinact/KIs = 360, 1,110, and 1,460 M-1min-1, respectively). 1.Jamali, H., Khan, H.A., Stringer, J.R., et al.Identification of multiple structurally distinct, nonpeptidic small molecule inhibitors of protein arginine deiminase 3 using a substrate-based fragment methodJ. Am. Chem. Soc.137(10)3616-3621(2015)

BB-Cl-Yne is a cell-permeable derivative of the protein arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine that contains an alkyne moiety for use in click chemistry reactions. BB-CL-Yne inhibits PAD1-4 with Kinact/KI values of 6,400, 3,600, 10,800, and 4,900 M-1min-1, respectively. It has been used for labeling PADs in cell-free and cell-based assays, followed by click reactions with azide-modified TAMRA or biotin reporters.

D-Cl-amidine hydrochloride, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of PAD1, exhibits excellent tolerance and does not induce significant toxicity [1].

F-amidine is a selective inhibitor of protein arginine deiminases (PADs), specifically targeting PAD1 and PAD4 with in vitro IC50 values of 29.5, 350, and 21.6 µM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively. It irreversibly inactivates all four PAD subtypes by covalently modifying an active site cysteine crucial for enzymatic activity, with kinact/KI values of 2,800, 380, 170, and 3,000 M^-1min^-1. Additionally, F-amidine demonstrates cytotoxicity against HL-60, MCF-7, and HT-29 cancer cell lines, with IC50s of 0.5, 0.5, and 1 μM, respectively.