10-deacetylpaclitaxel

Cyclosporin A is a natural product and an active fungal metabolite, classified as a cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant. It binds to cyclophilin and inhibits the activity of calcineurin (IC₅₀ = 7 nM) as well as CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules. It is commonly used to induce uremia models.

Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and apoptosis-inducing activities. It inhibits the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in neutrophils and monocytes, suppresses LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and induces autophagy. It is commonly used to induce animal models of depression, muscle atrophy, and hypertension, and holds potential in COVID-19 research.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a natural hormone-like substance involved in various physiological functions, including the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, regulation of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. It can be used to induce neuropathic pain models.

Tamoxifen is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that acts as an estrogen antagonist in breast cells and an agonist in bone, liver, and uterine cells. It can be used to induce gene knockout and liver injury models in mice, and also exhibits multiple biological activities, including activation of Hsp90, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, and inhibition of EBOV and MARV viral infections.

Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in fat emulsification, possessing notable biological and immunomodulatory activities. It can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression and protect cholangiocytes from TNF-α-induced damage via a PI3K-mediated pathway, and is commonly used to induce pancreatitis models.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a natural phorbol ester that acts as an activator of PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and is commonly used to induce differentiation of THP-1 cells and establish dermatitis models.

Urethane (Ethyl carbamate; Ethylurethane) is a byproduct formed during the fermentation process of various foods. As an ethyl ester of carbamic acid, it has the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, sea urchin eggs, protozoa, and plant tissues, and is commonly used for establishing lung cancer models.

Adenine is a purine-derived nucleobase and one of the four bases of DNA. It is an important chemical component of both DNA and RNA, involved in cellular respiration, the formation of ATP and coenzymes NAD and FAD, as well as protein synthesis. Adenine is commonly used to induce chronic kidney injury models.

Colchicine is an orally active natural alkaloid that acts by inhibiting microtubule polymerization (IC50 = 3 nM) and as a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptor. It possesses broad anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antifibrotic activities, can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation to prevent NSAID-induced small intestine injury, holds potential for gouty arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis research, and is commonly used to establish Alzheimer’s disease models.

Cholesterol is the primary sterol in mammals, accounting for approximately 20–25% of the plasma membrane structure. It plays a key role in regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and protein function. As an endogenous agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), cholesterol is widely involved in metabolic regulation and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of hormones and bile acids. It is commonly used in experimental models of hyperlipidemia.

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). L-Arginine is transported to vascular smooth muscle cells via a family of cationic amino acid transporters and is metabolized to nitric oxide, polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

Terephthalic acid is an isomer and a precursor of the polyester PET. It is used in the production of textiles and plastics, and can also be used to establish skin cancer models.

Sodium taurocholate is a biologically active compound that can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression. It also exhibits immunomodulatory effects and can be used to induce pancreatitis models.

Capsaicin is an active natural component found in chili peppers and acts as a TRPV1 agonist (EC50 = 0.29 μM). It possesses multiple activities, including pain relief, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, as well as some neurotoxicity. Capsaicin can be used to establish itch models.

Okadaic acid is a potent polyether marine toxin that primarily accumulates in the digestive glands of marine mollusks. It is a highly effective and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PPs). By inhibiting these phosphatases, okadaic acid increases the phosphorylation levels of various proteins, acts as a tumor promoter, and induces tau protein phosphorylation. It can be used to establish models of Alzheimer’s disease and skin cancer.

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic compound that inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels (IC₅₀ = 19.1 μM) and can induce pulmonary toxicity. It has shown some antiviral activity in diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is commonly used to establish animal models of pulmonary fibrosis.

Bicuculline is an alkaloid extracted from Corydalis decumbens, acting as a competitive antagonist of the neurotransmitter GABAA receptor (IC50 = 2 μM). It also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and inhibits slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant effects and is commonly used to establish mouse seizure models.