D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a central metabolite in cellular energy metabolism, serving as a key intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle. D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate also contributes to biosynthetic pathways such as tryptophan and thiamin synthesis, making it an essential molecule in biochemical and metabolic research.

Pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 bound to phosphate, involved in amino acid metabolism and influencing growth, cognitive development, immunity, and steroid hormone activity.

α-Lipoic Acid sodium (Thioctic acid sodium) is an antioxidant and essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzyme complexes. It inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 replication, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and modulates SREBP-1, FOXO1, and Nrf2 to improve high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis.