muramyl dipeptide

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide, consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. It indirectly decreases osteoclast differentiation by reducing the RANKL/OPG ratio and directly increases osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating Runx2 gene expression through MAPK pathways, thereby inducing bone formation via Runx2.

RIPK2 IN 10W is a potent, selective, and orally active RIPK2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.6 nM. RIPK2 IN 10W exhibits high kinase selectivity and suppresses RIPK2 activity, thereby inhibiting NOD-mediated cytokine production induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Targeting RIPK2 has demonstrated potential for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

GSK717 is a potent, selective NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) inhibitor that inhibits muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced NOD2-mediated signaling with an IC50 of 400 nM for MDP-stimulated IL-8 secretion in HEK293/hNOD2 cells[1]. It blocks the synergy between NOD2 and TLR2 without affecting NOD1, TNFR1, and TLR2-mediated responses. At 5 μM, GSK717 inhibits the release of IL-8, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β in primary human monocytes stimulated with MDP[1]. [1]. Rickard DJ, et al. Identification of benzimidazole diamides as selective inhibitors of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e69619. Published 2013 Aug 1.

NOD2 antagonist 1 (compound 32) is a selective NOD2 antagonist (IC50=5.23 μM) that inhibits MDP-induced IL-8 secretion in THP-1 cells and suppresses MDP-induced IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in PBMCs.

Almurtide (nor-MDP), a derivative of muramyl dipeptide, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. It demonstrates protective effects in mice against infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa when administered intraperitoneally and Candida albicans when administered intravenously. Furthermore, Almurtide has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenic Friend leukemia virus [1] [2] [3].

Mifamurtide TFA (MTP-PE TFA), a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analog, acts as a nonspecific immunomodulator by activating macrophages and monocytes to stimulate the immune response. As an orphan agent and a specific NOD2 ligand, it is utilized as an insulin sensitizer and holds research potential in osteosarcoma [1][2][3].

L18-MDP, a derivative of the antibacterial agent muramyl dipeptide, exhibits antibacterial activity and shows promise for use in treating bacterial and fungal infections [1].

ImmTher is a liposome-encapsulated lipophilic disaccharide tripeptide derivative of muramyl dipeptide. It can upregulate specific monocyte cytokine genes and activate monocyte-mediated tumoricidal activity.

Romurtide is a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog and can be used for the prophylaxis of leukocytopenia during radiation therapy.