glycosylation

Tunicamycin is a mixture of antibiotics that inhibit N-linked glycosylation by blocking GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin has antitumor activity, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity.

Pyrimidine (Metadiazine)s are heterocyclic, six-membered, nitrogen-containing carbon ring structures, with uracil, cytosine and thymine being the basal structures of ribose-containing nucleosides (uridine, cytidine, and thymidine respectively), or deoxyribose-containing deoxynucleosides, and their corresponding ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Pyrimidines serve essential functions in human metabolism as ribonucleotide bases in RNA (uracil and cytosine), and as deoxyribonucleotide bases in DNA (cytosine and thymine), and are linked by phosphodiester bridges to purine nucleotides in double-stranded DNA, in both the nucleus and the mitochondria. Pyrimidine activated sugars are also involved in polysaccharide and phospholipid synthesis, glucuronidation in detoxification processes, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the recently identified novel endothelium-derived vasoactive dinucleotides.

D-Mannose (D-(+)-Mannose) is a carbohydrate. D-Mannose plays an important role in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of specific proteins.

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid (Formylformic acid) is an intermediate in the glyoxalate cycle, which enables certain organisms to convert fatty acids to carbohydrates.2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid has been found to be associated with primary hyperoxaluria, an inborn error of metabolism. As an aldehyde, glyoxalate is also highly active and can modify proteins to form advanced glycosylation products (AGEs).

6-Methoxytricin, a flavonoid isolated from Centella asiatica, is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (AR) and advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE), and inhibits T-cell proliferation and activation in biologic cells.

Caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside (Linocaffein), a glycosylation product of Caffeic acid, reverses Aβ25-35-induced axonal atrophy and induces axonal regeneration in mouse cortical neurons, and can be used in Alzheimer's disease research.

1-Deoxymannojirimycin hydrochloride, a selective α1,2-mannosidase inhibitor (IC50: 20 μM), also inhibits HIV-1 strains but exhibits poor antiviral activity.

Vaccarin is a major flavonoid glycoside in Vaccariae semen, its biotransformation pathways involves methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation and deglycosylation.

Chrysin 7-O-beta-gentiobioside (Chrysin 7-O-β-gentiobioside), a glycosylation product of Chrysin, is derived from Spartium junceum.

Quercetin 3-gentiobioside (Quercetin-3-gentiobioside) is an inhibitor of AR and AGE formation and can be extracted from A. iwayomogi.Quercetin 3-gentiobioside inhibits the biological activity of aldose reductase (AR) and the formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs).

Robinetin (3,3',4',5',7-Pentahydroxyflavone) exhibits potent antioxidant and antiradical activities, effectively inhibiting EYPC membrane lipid peroxidation and HbA glycosylation.

Eleutheroside B1 mediates its anti-influenza activity through POLR2A and N-glycosylation. Eleutheroside B1 inhibits the mRNA expression of several chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene, and exhibits low cytotoxicity. Antiviral and anti

Conalbumin (ovotransferrin) is an egg white protein and glycoprotein with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties as a member of the transferrin and metalloprotease families. Conalbumin has a binding logarithm of 15 for Fe3+ at pH 7 or higher.