b. anthracis

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) mainly targets bacterial DNA Gyrase (IC50=0.22-0.31 µM) and topoisomerase IV (IC50=0.3-1.9 µM). Ciprofloxacin is a highly active fluoroquinolone antibiotic.

GC-072 is a potent 4-oxoquinolizine antibiotic that selectively inhibits bacterial topoisomerase. It shows in vitro activity against both sensitive and resistant strains of B. pseudomallei, and it is also effective against other dangerous pathogens such as Burkholderia mallei, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis. In a murine model of melioidosis, oral administration of GC-072 demonstrated dose-dependent survival benefits, indicating its potential as a first-line oral treatment option for melioidosis.

Napyradiomycin A1is a fungal metabolite originally isolated fromC. rubraand has diverse biological activities.1,2It is active againstS. aureus,M. luteus,B. anthracis,C. bovis, andM. smegmatis(MICs = 1.56-12.5 μg/ml).1Napyradiomycin A1is an estrogen receptor antagonist (IC50= 4.2 μM in rat uterine homogenates).2It also inhibits mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II) activities in bovine heart homogenates (IC50s = 20 and 9.7 μM, respectively).3 1.Shiomi, K., Iinuma, H., Hamada, M., et al.Novel antibiotics napyradiomycins. Production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activityJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)39(4)487-493(1986) 2.Hori, Y., Abe, Y., Shigematsu, N., et al.Napyradiomycins A and B1: Non-steroidal estrogen-receptor antagonists produced by a StreptomycesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)46(12)1890-1893(1993) 3.Yamamoto, K., Tashiro, E., Motohashi, K., et al.Napyradiomycin A1, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complexes I and IIJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)65(4)211-214(2012)

Heliquinomycin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated fromStreptomycesthat has diverse biological activities.1It is active against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, including strains ofB. anthracis, B. subtilis, and methicillin-sensitive or -resistantS. aureus(MICs = <0.05-0.39 μg/ml). Heliquinomycin inhibits the activity of DNA helicase with a Kivalue of 6.8 μM. It reduces the growth of L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma, and FS-3 fibrosarcoma cells (IC50s = 0.97, 0.89, and 0.83 μg/ml, respectively). 1.Chino, M., Nishikawa, K., Umekita, M., et al.Heliquinomycin, a new inhibitor of DNA helicase, produced by Streptomyces sp. MJ929-SF2 I. Taxonomy, production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activitiesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)49(8)752-757(1996)

Carbazomycin C is a bacterial metabolite that has been found in Streptomyces and has diverse biological activities. It is active against S. aureus, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and M. flavus, the fungi T. asteroides and T. mentagrophytes, and P. falciparum. It is also active against a panel of five plant pathogenic fungi. Carbazomycin C is cytotoxic to MCF-7, KB, and NCI H187 cells. It also inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity in RBL-1 cell extracts.

Obiltoxaximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the free protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis, used for the treatment of inhalational anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis.

CaLL, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity against B. anthracis, including both its vegetative form, and B. cepacia, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 7.8, 31.3, and 31.3 μg mL, respectively [1].

P1 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including B. anthracis spores and Carbapenem-resistant strains of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae [1].

(±)-Decursinol (3',4'-dihydro-3'-hydroxy-Xanthyletin) is a natural product from Angelica gigas.

Bactobolin A, a microbial metabolite initially derived from Pseudomonas, exhibits both antibiotic and anticancer properties. It demonstrates activity against various bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. faecalis, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. typhi, and S. dysenteriae, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.1 to 12.5 µg/ml. Additionally, in vivo studies show that bactobolin A enhances survival rates at doses of 0.25 to 4 mg/kg in an L1210 murine leukemia model.

Clazamycin A, a microbial metabolite and antibiotic derived from Streptomyces, exhibits efficacy against several bacteria, namely S. aureus, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100, 6.25, 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml, respectively.

Coreoside B is isolated from coreoside and showed weak antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and B. anthracis.