Tolpis

1. Swertianolin (Bellidifolin-8-O-Glucoside), mangiferin, rhodenthoside A-C, isoorientin, isovitexin, and amarogentin would serve as potential chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate Gentianaceae species. 2. Swertianolin and swertiamarin show significant hepatoprotective effect in the liver damage model induced by alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate. 3. Swertianolin shows anti-acetylcholinesterase activity effects. 4. Swertianolin shows that it can scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals with the studying method of the autoxidation of Pyrogallol and afenton.

1. Sweroside possesses strong hepatoprotective effect. 2. Sweroside is a promising osteoporosis therapeutic natural product, has anti-osteoporotic effect on the human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.

Swertisin, a novel herbal biomolecule, shows a strong antihyperglycemic action. Swertisin is an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, is known to have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Orientin-2''-O-p-trans-coumarate, isolated from *Trigonella foenum-graecum*, exhibits antioxidant activity and promotes cell proliferation.

Swertiamarin (Swertiamaroside) is a common secoiridoid found among the members of Gentianaceae with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities.

Gentiakochianin (Swertianine), an anthrone from Gentianaceae, has vasodilatory activity, induces glioma cell cycle arrest in the G(2)/M phase and inhibits proliferation, significantly reduces oxLDL-induced cell damage in EA.hy926 cells, inhibits ROS levels and up-regulated the activity of Akt/CREB/eNOS signaling pathway inhibited by oxLDL.

Vitexin 2''-O-p-coumarate (Vitexin2''-O-p-coumarate) is found in fenugreek seeds and promotes 2BS cell proliferation induced by H2O2.

Swertiajaponin possesses antimicrobial activity.

1. Methyl eugenol (4-allylveratrole) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. 2. Methyleugenol has insecticidal properties. 3. Methyleugenol can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells; indicates that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia/inflammation-related diseases. 4. Methyleugenol has cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. 5. Intravenous (i.v.) treatment with methyleugenol (ME) in either anesthetized or conscious rats elicits hypotension, an effect that seems related to an active vascular relaxation rather than withdrawal of sympathetic tone. 6. Methyleugenol has antinociceptive effect on the second phase of formalin-induced pain, may be due to the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated hyperalgesia via GABA(A) receptors. 7. Methyleugenol has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum.

Angustin B is a natural product from Swertia angustifolia.

Swertiaperennin is a natural product

Orientin 2''-O-p-trans-coumarate strongly promotes 2BS cell proliferation induced by H(2)O(2).

Angustin A is a natural product from Swertia angustifolia.