Carphephorus

Lupeol acetate is a derivative of Lupeol with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-snake venom, anti-fertility effects and oral activity. It is able to inhibit rheumatoid arthritis by down-regulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, VEGF, granzyme B) and is cytotoxic to Hep-3B and A549 cells.

11(α)-Methoxysaikosaponin F is a natural triterpenoid saponin capable of inhibiting the viability of HSCs-T6 cells at high concentrations (IC50=387.7 μM).

Saikogenin D possesses dual mechanisms of action including inhibition of A23187-induced PGE2 production without direct cyclooxygenase suppression, and stimulation of intracellular calcium elevation through Ca2+ release from internal stores, while further displaying immunomodulatory properties demonstrated by its ability to attenuate IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages from B6 mice more strongly than in BALB mice, highlighting selective regulation of inflammatory responses.

Scoulerine HCl is a multi-target inhibitor with antibacterial, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. Scoulerine HCl targets GABA receptors and BACE1 and inhibits mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stemness maintenance. Scoulerine HCl also disrupts microtubule structure by acting on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis and α1D-adrenergic receptors, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Additionally, Scoulerine HCl regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial function, and possesses various pharmacological activities, including anti-Plasmodium falciparum and antiemetic and antitussive effects.