Gypenoside L inhibits autophagic flux and induces cell death in human esophageal cancer cells through endoplasm reticulum stress-mediated Ca2+ release. It also inhibit non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell inhibitory activity.
Damulin A is an active dammarane-type saponin isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and belongs to a group of structurally related compounds whose anticancer structure–activity relationships have been deeply explored. Comparative investigations reveal that double bonds positioned at C20(21) and C20(22) and hydroxyl modification at C-2 significantly contribute to cytotoxicity, as evidenced by proliferation inhibition in A549 cells. These findings confirm the importance of Damulin A within the broader context of Gynostemma-derived anticancer leads.
Gypenoside XIII is a Gynostemma pentaphyllum-derived gypenoside that exhibits pharmacological actions consistent with its structural class, including anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anticancer, and anti-atherogenic activities, supporting its emerging significance as a multifunctional natural compound with broad therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative and systemic disorders.
Gypenoside LXXV is a natural saponin discovered in Panax ginseng that binds to the glucocorticoid receptor and translocates into the cell nucleus, thereby promoting wound healing and upregulating CTGF.
Gypenoside LI is a natural product with anticancer activity that generates ROS, downregulates procaspase-8 and MMP-2/9, inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.