trimethylamine n oxide

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMANO dihydrate) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMANO dihydrate can be used to establish models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.

delta-Valerobetaine is a precursor of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO).

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) is an orally active compound that inhibits trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), as well as the p65 NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways, with potential for preventing or treating cardiovascular disease (CVD).