retinoid action

Tazarotenic acid (AGN-190299) is a retinoid prodrug which is converted to its active form

11-cisRetinol is an isomer of vitamin A . It is formed from vitamin A,viaatrans-retinyl ester intermediate, by the enzyme RPE65 in the retinal pigment epithelium and then converted to 11-cis retinal as part of the visual cycle.1,211-cisRetinol is an agonist of salamander and human red rod opsins expressed in COS cells and an inverse agonist of salamander red cone opsin, as well as human red and green cone opsins expressed in COS cells.3It promotes pigment formation in cone, but not rod, photoreceptors. 1.Rando, R.R.The biochemistry of the visual cycleChem. Rev.101(7)1881-1896(2001) 2.Guignard, T.J.P., Jin, M., Pequignot, M.O., et al.FATP1 inhibits 11-cis retinol formation via interaction with the visual cycle retinoid isomerase RPE65 and lecithin: Retinol acyltransferaseJ. Biol. Chem.285(24)18759-18768(2010) 3.Ala-Laurila, P., Cornwall, M.C., Crouch, R.K., et al.The action of 11-cis-retinol on cone opsins and intact cone photoreceptorsJ. Biol. Chem.284(24)16492-16500(2009)

AGN-190121 is a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist. RAR and Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) ligands can act synergistically to induce hypertriglyceridemia through distinct mechanisms of action.

AGN 193109 is a potent antagonist of retinoic acid receptors (RARs; Kd= 2, 2, and 3 nM for RARα, β, and γ, respectively), exhibiting selectivity for RARs over retinoid X receptors (RXRs; Kd= >10,000 nM for human RXRα, β, and γ receptors). This compound effectively reverses cellular morphology changes and growth suppression induced by RAR agonists such as all-trans-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9-cis-RA in ECE16-1 human endometrial ectocervical epithelial cells, particularly when used at a 10-fold molar excess. Furthermore, AGN 193109 downregulates the expression of cytokeratin K5-8, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 19 genes, indicating inhibition of retinoid action, specifically when co-administered with TTNPB but not as a standalone treatment. In vivo studies demonstrate teratogenic effects, including cleft palate, frontonasal dysplasia, and eye malformations in mouse fetuses following a single oral dose of 1 mg kg.