paw swelling

MLT-943 is a potent, selective, and orally active MALT1 protease inhibitor [1].

κ-Carrageenan is a natural polymer predominantly found in red seaweeds that can serve as an effective carrier to deliver curcumin to cancer cells and induce apoptosis. It can also be used to induce paw swelling models and acts as a potential inflammatory agent that amplifies existing intestinal inflammation.

NX-7081 is a novel small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, which blocks components of inflammation, including cytokine production, protein kinase activity, and angiogenic signaling. SNX-7081 showed strong binding affinity to Hsp90 and expected induction of Hsp70. NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was blocked by SNX-7081 at nanomolar concentrations, and cytokine production was potently inhibited. Growth factor activation of ERK and JNK signaling was significantly reduced by SNX-7081. NO production was also sharply inhibited. In animal models, SNX-4414 fully inhibited paw swelling and improved body weight.

R-130823 is a ighly selective inhibition against mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha (IC50=22 nM). The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 was inhibited in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood pretreated by R-130823 , with IC50 values of 0.089, 0.066, 0.95 and 0.16 microM, respectively. R-130823 reduced the established hind paw swelling in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, while methotrexate showed no suppression. In the same model, R-130823 ameliorated adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia with rapid onset and long duration comparable to a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib.

Anti-inflammatory agent 40 is a promising, orally-active compound with anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory properties that effectively inhibits carrageenan-induced paw swelling in vivo.

Arachidonic acid sodium salt is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that is a major component of biological membranes, serving as a substrate for various lipid mediators including prostaglandins (PG). It can improve cognitive responses and cardiovascular function, and can also be used to induce paw swelling models.

GPR183 antagonist-2 (compound 32), a selective antagonist of GPR183, exhibits excellent water solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. This compound effectively diminishes paw and joint swelling, and reduces gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, MMPs, and VEGF) in a dose-dependent manner within a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. GPR183 antagonist-2 is applicable in researching autoimmune diseases [1].

Body Protection Compound 157 (BPC 157) is a pentadecapeptide derived from BPC, identified in gastric juice, exhibiting diverse biological activities. At 2 µg ml, BPC 157 enhances primary rat tendon fibroblast cell migration and F-actin formation. Furthermore, doses of 0.01 and 10 µg kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), mitigate paw swelling, bone erosion, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the joints of rats with rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). It also diminishes gastric ulcer size in rats caused by indomethacin, aspirin, or diclofenac at these doses. Additionally, BPC 157 reduces catalepsy duration and tremor severity in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by MPTP.