invertebrates

Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) is a biogenic monoamine structurally associated with noradrenaline. It can serve as a neurohormone, a neurotransmitter, and a neuromodulator in invertebrates.

Lamellarin D (Lamellarine D), a hexacyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from marine invertebrates, is a mitochondria-targeted topoisomerase I inhibitor and a pro-apoptotic agent.

Chitin is a large, structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of insects, and certain hard structures in fish and invertebrates.

(-)-Aspartic acid (L-Homoproline) is an endogenous amino acid existing in invertebrates and vertebrates. It can regulate testosterone synthesis and is an agonist of NMDA receptor.

Lotilaner is an anthelmintic agent and a non-competitive GABA_A receptor antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 23.84 nM for Drosophila GABA receptors. Lotilaner selectively acts on the nervous system of invertebrates to exert its anthelmintic effect and exhibits no significant affinity for mammalian GABA_A receptors.

Adhibin is an allosteric inhibitor of RhoGAP class IX myosin (RhoGAP class IXmyosin), effectively inhibiting Myo9 ATPase in both mammals and invertebrates with an IC50 of 2.5 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively. It binds to ATPase, disrupting myosin's motor functions, blocking RhoGTPase-related signaling pathways, and affecting cellular migration, adhesion, and division. Adhibin is applicable for research in cancer metastasis.

Clethodim is a selective herbicide used to control annual and perennial grass species by inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Clethodim is characterized by high water solubility, low volatility, and limited environmental persistence in soil and aquatic systems, with moderate toxicity to birds, fish, and pollinators such as honeybees, yet relatively low toxicity toward aquatic invertebrates and algae, thereby making it an effective yet environmentally manageable agrochemical.

Δ²-Avermectin B₁ₐ (Compound 3) is an antiparasitic agent that specifically targets glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) in the neuromuscular systems of invertebrates. By increasing chloride ion influx, it causes depolarization of neuromuscular cell membranes, inhibiting neural signal transmission, which ultimately paralyzes and kills the parasite. It shows potential for research in agricultural pest control.

Biosynthesis of 12(R)-HETE in invertebrates is via lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid . In mammals, 12(R)-HETE can be produced by 12(R)-LOs and also by CYP450 oxidation. The activity of 12(R)-HETE in mammals is predominantly proinflammatory. 12(R)-HETE exhibits dose-dependent leukocyte chemotaxis at concentrations as low as 100 nM, and lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits.

Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is an analog of sphingomyelin that contains ethanolamine rather than choline as the head group. It is the principal membrane phospholipid in invertebrates such as Drosophila, which lacks sphingomyelin. It is only produced in small amounts in mammalian cells, accounting for approximately 0.02 mol% of total phospholipids in mouse testis and brain. In Drosophila, CPE is biosynthesized by CPE synthase from ceramide and cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine in the Golgi lumen. In mammals, it is biosynthesized by sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in the plasma membrane and by sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In Drosophila, CPE has a role in glial ensheathment of axons. Disrupting CPE synthesis by depleting SMSr in vitro in mammalian cells leads to an accumulation of ER ceramides, which are then mislocalized to the mitochondria, inducing apoptosis. However, ceramide levels are not altered in transgenic mice lacking SMSr catalytic activity. CPEs (bovine) is a mixture of CPEs with variable N-acyl chain lengths.

8(R)-HETE is biosynthesized via lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid in marine invertebrates, including gorgonian corals and starfish. The stereochemical assignment of the (R) enantiomer is confirmed by comparing chiral HPLC retention times to published results.

Phospho-L-Arginine (lithium salt hydrate) is a L-arginine derivative suitable for biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Ser-Ala-alloresact, a sperm activating peptide (SAP), plays a pivotal role in the fertilization process through its release from the eggs of marine invertebrates, facilitating sperm activation [1] [2].

Paucimannose, a prevalent mannosidic N-glycoepitope found in invertebrates and plants, is also expressed in cancers [1].

Octopamine-D4 hydrochloride is the deuterated form of Octopamine hydrochloride. Octopamine ( (±)-p-Octopamine) hydrochloride is a bioamine structurally related to noradrenaline, functioning as a neurohormone, neuromodulator, and neurotransmitter in invertebrates. It stimulates Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs). Additionally, Octopamine hydrochloride (T0469) enhances glycogenolysis, glycolysis, oxygen consumption, gluconeogenesis, and portal perfusion pressure.

Octopamine hydrochloride (Standard) is the standard substance of Octopamine hydrochloride, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) is a biogenic monoamine structurally associated with noradrenaline. It can serve as a neurohormone, a neurotransmitter, and a neuromodulator in invertebrates.

Ferritin is a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits that is present in every cell type. Invertebrates, these subunits are both the light (L) and the heavy (H) type with an apparent molecular weight of 19 kDA or 21 kDA respectively. The ferritin fou

Echinotocin, a neuropeptide found in sea urchins, exhibits muscle contractile activity. It induces contractions in the sea urchin's tube feet and esophagus. Echinotocin is utilized to study the role of neuropeptides in the physiology and behavior of invertebrates.