gut-microbial

Urolithin C is a gut metabolite of ellagic acid. Urolithin C induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are naturally occurring functional oligosaccharides, which are composed of 2 to 10 fructose molecules combined with glucose molecules. They are widely found in natural plants such as bananas, onions, garlic, chicory, and honey. As a typical prebiotic, fructooligosaccharides cannot be digested and absorbed by the human body, but are selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, especially bifidobacteria, to promote gut health, support microbial balance.

Urolithin B is one of the gut microbial metabolites of ellagitannins and is found in diverse plant foods, including pomegranates, berries, walnuts, tropical fruits, and medicinal herbs. Urolithin B inhibits NF-κB activity by reducing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and suppresses the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and Akt, and enhances the phosphorylation of AMPK. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Urolithin B has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

O-Acetylserine (OASS) is an acylated amino acid derivative. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the common amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants. Its presence in humans arises from either microbial metabolism in the gut or through consumptio

4-Ethylphenyl Sulfate is an intestinal microbial metabolite that reduces mature oligodendrocytes and myelin formation in the brain, affects PVT gene expression, and promotes anxiety-like behaviour in mice.

2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine (chloride) acts as a gut microbial metabolite that targets integrin α2β1 on platelets, facilitating the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and enhancing platelet hyperresponsiveness. This compound further augments platelet hyperreactivity and promotes thrombus formation in mice. It is also characterized as a branched-chain acylcarnitine.

5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone is a gut microbial metabolite of (-)-epicatechin and possesses antioxidant activity.

6-Ketolithocholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed by further microbial metabolism of primary bile acids in the gut. It is suitable for studying bile acid metabolism and exhibits inhibitory activity against glucosyltransferases.

Theaflavin digallate and lactic acid together could reduce herpes simplex virus transmission.

5-aminovalerate (or 5-aminopentanoic acid) is a lysine degradation product. It can be produced both endogenously or through bacterial catabolism of lysine. 5-aminovalerate is formed via the following multi-step reaction: L-lysine leads to cadverine leads

3-SucCA (3-Succinylated cholic acid), a bile acid derived from microbial sources, primarily functions as a lumen-restricted metabolite. It plays a crucial role in mitigating the progression of MAFL-MASH in mouse models by altering the gut microbiota composition, notably by enhancing the proliferation of Akkermansia muciniphila. Notably, lower levels of 3-sucCA have been observed in patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD.

Betaine-13C3 is the 13C labeled form of Betaine. This natural compound, also known as Trimethylglycine, is present in numerous foods and acts as an active methyl donor crucial for maintaining normal DNA methylation patterns. It is widely distributed in plants, animals, microorganisms, and rich dietary sources such as seafood, spinach, and wheat bran. Additionally, Betaine (T3243) serves as an osmolyte, aiding in the preservation of cellular water and ion balance in poultry, thereby enhancing their heat stress tolerance. It supports protective osmotic activity, particularly in birds facing heat stress. Moreover, Betaine (T3243) can bolster the resistance of various gut microbes to osmotic changes, thereby improving microbial fermentation activity.

Isobutyric-D6 acid Isobutyric-D6 acid is a deuterated compound of Isobutyric acid. Isobutyric acid has a CAS number of 79-31-2. Isobutyric acid Description Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5%. (OMIM 207000 ). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.

2-Methylpropionic-D7 acid is a deuterated compound of 2-Methylpropionic acid. 2-Methylpropionic acid has a CAS number of 79-31-2. Isobutyric acid Description Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5%. (OMIM 207000 ). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.

6-Ketolithocholic acid (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving 6-Ketolithocholic acid. 6-Ketolithocholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed by further microbial metabolism of primary bile acids in the gut. It is suitable for studying bile acid metabolism and exhibits inhibitory activity against glucosyltransferases.

Isobutyric-D6 Acid (Standard) is a reference standard of Isobutyric-D6 Acid intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. Isobutyric-d6 acid is a deuterated compound of Isobutyric acid. Isobutyric acid has a CAS number of 79-31-2. Isobutyric acid Description Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5%. (OMIM 207000 ). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.

2-Methylpropionic-d7 Acid (Standard) is a reference standard of 2-Methylpropionic-d7 Acid intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. 2-Methylpropionic-d7 acid is a deuterated compound of 2-Methylpropionic acid. 2-Methylpropionic acid has a CAS number of 79-31-2. Isobutyric acid Description Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5%. (OMIM 207000 ). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.

Arachidonoylmorpholine is a metabolite regulator linked to arachidonic acid metabolism. Its levels rise when microbial functions in the gut are disrupted. Arachidonoylmorpholine holds potential for research into swine intestinal health, such as post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets.

Egg oil is a natural oil composed primarily of cholesterol, lecithin, and glycerides of fatty acids. It exhibits activity in regulating gut microbial dysbiosis and alleviating obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation [1] [2] [3] [4].

Arabinoxylan is a dietary fiber extracted from monocotyledonous crops, consisting of a β-(1→4)-xylose backbone and α-L-arabinose side chains. Arabinoxylan can be used to study gut microbial fermentation and its prebiotic effects.