congestion

Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (Murine Plus) is an imidazoline derivative with alpha receptor agonist activity.

Tetrahydrozoline (Tetryzoline), an alpha agonist, have an effect on the constriction of conjunctival blood vessels. This contributes to relieve the redness of the eye resulted from minor ocular irritants.

Thonzylamine (neohetramine) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic drug. It is available as combination products with Clofedanol or Phenylephrine for temporary relief of symptoms of common cold, hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or other upper respiratory allergies.

Quazolast (RHC 3988) is a potent mediator release inhibitor used as a control against ragweed antigenic nasal challenge and demonstrates superiority over placebo in preventing nasal congestion and nasal itching following such challenges.

Terpin hydrate, a cis-form hydrate, is derived from sources such as oil of turpentine, oregano, thyme, and eucalyptus. It is used as an insect repellent and expectorant. Terpin hydrate(cis-Terpin hydrate) is commonly used to loosen mucus and ease congestion in patients presenting with acute or chronic bronchitis, and related pulmonary conditions. It was popular in the United States since the late nineteenth century, but was removed from marketed medications in the 1990s after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated that "based on the evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients". Elixirs of terpin hydrate are still available with a prescription but must be prepared by a compounding pharmacy.

Synephrine (Oxedrine) is sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma.

Fexofenadine (Carboxyterfenadine), an antihistamine pharmaceutical drug, is used to treat allergy symptoms, such as nasal congestion, hay fever, and urticaria. Compared to first-generation antihistamines, Fexofenadine is less able to pass the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation.

Naphazoline nitrate is an α1-Adrenergic receptor agonist. It also induces autophagy and necrotic cell death in erythroleukemia cells and inhibits erythroid differentiation. It used to treat congestion and ocular pathologies.

Nemazoline hydrochloride (A-57219 hydrochloride) is a selective α-adrenergic agent with α1-agonist and α2-antagonist properties, primarily used as a nasal decongestant. By inducing volume vessel constriction through α1-mediated action, it alleviates congestion without impacting blood flow due to its α2-antagonistic effect. Additionally, Nemazoline hydrochloride inhibits endogenous norepinephrine-mediated α2-induced constriction in resistance vessels.

Clocoumarol is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting. It also can inhibit the dilatation of the spleen and the congestion of lymph nodes.

Nebentan (YM598) is a potent, selective and orally active non-peptide endothelin ETA receptor antagonist through the modification of Bosentan . Nebentan inhibits [125I] endothelin-1 binding to cloned human endothelin ETA and ETB receptor, with Ki of 0.697 nM and 569 nM, respectively[1]. YM598 can ameliorate the progression of cor pulmonale and myocardial infarction in vivo[2]. Nebentan inhibits the specific binding of [125I] endothelin-1 to endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in a concentration dependent manner,Ki values are 0.697 nM and 1.53 nM for human and rat endothelin ETA receptors, respectively. In contrast, YM598 exhibits low affinities for human and rat endothelin ETB receptors, with Ki values of 569 nM and 155 nM,respectively[1].In measurement of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, Nebentan concentration-dependently inhibits the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 10 nM endothelin-1 in both CHO cells and A10 cells, the IC50 values are 26.2 nM for CHO cells and 26.7 nM for A10 cells, respectively[1]. Nebentan (oral administration; 0.1-1 mg/kg; 4 weeks) significantly inhibits the progression of pulmonary hypertension and the development of right ventricular hypertrophy[2].Nebentan (oral administration; 1 mg/kg; 30 weeks) significantly ameliorates the poor survival rate of CHF rats, it markedly reduces the hypertrophy of both ventricles as well as pulmonary congestion[2]. [1]. Hironori Yuyama, et al. Pharmacological Characterization of YM598, an Orally Active and Highly Potent Selective Endothelin ET(A) Receptor Antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Sep 30;478(1):61-71. [2]. Akira Fujimori, et al. YM598, an Orally Active ET(A) Receptor Antagonist, Ameliorates the Progression of Cardiopulmonary Changes and Both-Side Heart Failure in Rats With Cor Pulmonale and Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;44 Suppl 1:S354-7.

Povafonidine (PGE-6201204) is a potent alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist that constricts blood vessels and reduces mucosal congestion, making it useful for nasal congestion research [1].

Tetrahydrozoline (Tetryzoline) nitrate is a derivative of imidazoline. It is an α-adrenergic agonist that causes vasoconstriction. Tetrahydrozoline is widely used for the nasal congestion and conjunctival congestion research [1] [2].

Sovesudil (PHP-201) hydrochloride is a potent, ATP-competitive Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, acting on ROCK I (IC50: 3.7 nM) and ROCK II (IC50: 2.3 nM), and lowers IOP without causing congestion.

OxyMetazoline is an α-adrenoceptor agonist that targets α1A (IC50: 0.02 μM), α1B (IC50: 0.25 μM), α2A (IC50: 0.58 μM), and α2C (IC50: 0.13 μM) receptors, and it can be used in studies to relieve nasal mucosal congestion.

Amthamine is a broad-spectrum histamine receptor agonist that activates H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R, and is known to induce liver congestion and hepatocellular necrosis, making it a useful experimental tool for studying histamine-mediated hepatotoxicity and the pathological consequences of H1R–H4R activation in liver injury models.

Compound A (α2C adrenoceptor agonist 1) is an orally active, highly selective α2C-adrenoceptor agonist that does not penetrate the central nervous system. It exhibits EC50 and Ki values of 108 nM and 12 nM, respectively. This compound is utilized in research on nasal congestion [1].

Synephrine (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Synephrine. Synephrine (Oxedrine) is sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma.

Epimagnolin A is a lignan obtained from the flower buds of Magnolia fargesii, which is traditionally used in Asian medicine for treating headache and nasal congestion.