acid ph

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Phenylethyl Caffeate) (CAPE) inhibits the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B and may suppress p70S6K and Akt-driven signaling pathways, with antineoplastic, cytoprotective and immunomodulating activities. CAPE is the phenethyl alcohol ester of caffeic acid and a bioactive component of honeybee hive propolis. In addition, CAPE inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and subsequent induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).

Acid phosphatase (ACP) is an enzyme that releases attached phosphate groups from other molecules during digestion, is stored in lysosomes, has an optimal acidic pH, and serves as a medical marker and target for cancer immunotherapy.

Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate (Lithium citrate tribasic tetrahydrate) , the active component of Lithium, is a medicine used in the therapy of psychiatric disease. It has shown the effects of signaling pathways and metabolic in the brain based on the particular disease and clinical condition model. According to the reports, Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate was used as a mood stabilizer when treating bipolar mood disorders (BD) and lower the risk of self-harm in BD patient. In addition,Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate has been the choice drug in the therapy of acute manic episodes.Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate also could dissolve uric acid crystals in urine achieved from patients with gout. Besides,Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate have some dose-dependent side-effects. The the main side-effects of Lithium Citrate is the tendency to inhibit the prostatic acid phosphatase enzyme (PAP), which result in the accumulation of PAP.

Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate (Potassium citrate monohydrate) is the major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia and a derivative of citric acid, which effectively inhibits stone formation and HIF, and has antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor effects. It also competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase, offering weight loss benefits.

Dimethylmalonic acid(2,2-Dimethylmalonic acid) is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid found in human serum that can be used to prevent or retard denaturation of fish actinomyosin in freezing buffer solution (pH 7).

Chlorogenic acid is a natural phenol found in honeysuckle. Chlorogenic acid has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective.

D-(-)-Quinic acid (Kinic acid) is a cellular metal ion chelator, capable of promoting reactions with metal M(II,III) ions under pH-specific conditions. It may possess potent inhibition against alpha-mannosidase and alpha-fucosidase.

AKBA (3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid), a natural component from frankincense, is a novel activator of Nrf2.

Isohomovanillic acid (Homoisovanillic acid is used as pharmaceutical intermediates.

Dimerum acid is a dihydroxamate (dihydroxamate) type iron carrier (siderophore) found in Penicillium chrysogenum. It serves as a precursor or degradation product of coprogen and significantly enhances iron uptake in Strategy I plants (such as cucumber) and Strategy II plants (such as maize). At a pH of 6.0, dimerum acid releases bioavailable Fe3+ through ligand exchange with plant-secreted phytosiderophore (phytosiderophore, PS) or EDTA, thereby improving iron supply efficiency in plants. Dimerum acid is applicable in research related to plant iron nutrition and agriculture.