16αhydroxyestrone

The naturally-occurring estrogens are estrone , estradiol , and estriol . 16α-hydroxy Estrone (16α-OHE1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of E1 as well as an interconversion product with E2. E1 is 16α-hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, including CYP1A1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7, with CYP3A5 being breast-specific. 16α-OHE1 is sulphatized or glucuronidated before excretion. It is increased in rheumatoid arthritis and decreased by physical activity. Unlike the parent estrogens and other hydroxylated metabolites of E1, 16α-OHE1 binds covalently and persistently activates estrogen receptors. In addition, this metabolite increases cell proliferation and does not suppress TNF-α secretion, whereas other estrogen metabolites are not pro-proliferative and have marked effects on TNF-α secretion. The levels of 16α-OHE1 are increased in some forms of hormone therapy. Because hormone therapy increases breast cancer risk, 16α-OHE1 has been implicated as a risk factor for breast cancer, although supportive data remains elusive.

Cyclosporin A is a natural product and an active fungal metabolite, classified as a cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant. It binds to cyclophilin and inhibits the activity of calcineurin (IC₅₀ = 7 nM) as well as CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules. It is commonly used to induce uremia models.

Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6/15/2/3/3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.

Corticosterone (Kendall's compound B) is an adrenocortical steroid with salocorticoid and glucocorticoid activity that is orally active. Corticosterone is involved in the regulation of energy, immune responses, and stress responses in the body.

Fludarabine (Fludarabinum) is a fluorinated purine analog, an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis and an inhibitor of STAT1 activation. Fludarabine has antitumor activity and can be used for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma.

Finerenone (BAY-948862) is a nonsteroidal antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) (IC50=18 nM) with selective and oral activity. Finerenone is used in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes.

PAF (C16) is a potent MAPK and MEK ERK activator that induces increased vascular permeability. PAF (C16) (PAF (C16)) is a platelet-activating factor, a phospholipid-derived mediator and a ligand for PAF G protein-coupled receptor (PAFR). PAF (C16) has shown anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, inhibiting Caspase-dependent apoptosis by interacting with its receptor (PAF-R) to perform cell signaling.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1 2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Citronellol ((±)-β-Citronellol) is used in insect repellents and perfumes and as a mite attractant.

1. Ginkgetin has anti-influenza virus and anti-fungal activities. 2. Ginkgetin has anti-inflammatory activity, can down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo against skin inflammatory responses. 3. Ginkgetin is a good STAT3 inhibitor and may be a useful lead

Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF109203X) is a potent and highly selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, exhibiting a Ki of 14 nM.

740 Y-P acetate (740YPDGFR acetate) is a potent and cell-permeable PI3K activator.740 Y-P acetate tends to bind to GST fusion proteins containing the N- and C-terminal SH2 structural domains of p85, but not to GST alone.

Asperphenamate is a fungal metabolite of Aspergillus flatiipes. The IC50s for T47D cells, MDA-MB-231 cells, and HL-60 cells are 92.3 μM, 96.5 μM, and 97.9 μM. Asperphenamate shows an anticancer effect.

CM-579 is a dual inhibitor of G9a and DNMT( IC50:16 nM, 32 nM for G9a and DNMT). It has potent in vitro cellular activity in a wide range of cancer cells.

GNF4877 is a potent inhibitor of DYRK1A and GSK3β (IC50s: 6 nM and 16 nM, respectively), resulting in the blockade of nuclear export of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc) and increased β-cell proliferation.

KRAS G12C inhibitor 16 is a potent inhibitor of KRAS G12C.

RIPK1-IN-4 is a potent and selective type II kinase receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase inhibitor and binds to a DLG-out inactive form of RIP1 (IC50s of 16 nM and 10 nM for RIP1 and ADP-Glo kinase).

TG 100572 Hydrochloride is a inhibitor of multi-targeted kinase which inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases and Src kinases(IC50s of 2, 7, 2, 16, 13, 5, 0.5, 6, 0.1, 0.4, 1, 0.2 nM for VEGFR1, VEGFR2, FGFR1, FGFR2, PDGFRβ, Fgr, Fyn, Hck, Lck, Lyn, Src, Yes, respectively).

TG 100801 is a dual inhibitor of VEGFr2 and Src family (Src and YES) kinases and is a candidate compound for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Sigma-LIGAND-1 is a selective Sigma Receptor ligand with IC50 values of 16 nM and 19 nM at the DTG site and the PPP site, respectively, and a Ki of 4000 nM at the dopamine D2 receptor.

Tigemonam is a monobactam, a novel orally administered monobactam that protects against gram-negative aerobic bacterial pathogens and is at least as active against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae as amitraz or carmonan (MIC90: 0.06-16 mg l). [3]

Tazemetostat hydrobromide (E-7438 hydrobromide) is a potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor. Tazemetostat hydrobromide inhibits the activity of human polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-containing wild-type EZH2 (Ki: 2.5 nM). Tazemetostat hydrobromide also inhibits EZH1 (IC50: 392 nM).

JP1302 is a selective α2C adrenoceptor antagonist with a Kb value of 16 nM and a Ki of 28 nM for human α2C receptors.JP1302 has antidepressant activity, disrupts the FACT complex and degrades histone H1.JP1302 has been used in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders, acute renal failure, and renal injury.

MEDICA16 is a selective agonist for GPR40 as well as a partial agonist for GPR120. MEDICA16, an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor, significantly reduces intracellular TG content in gastrocnemius muscle with an increase in insulin sensitivity.