prebiotic

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are naturally occurring functional oligosaccharides, which are composed of 2 to 10 fructose molecules combined with glucose molecules. They are widely found in natural plants such as bananas, onions, garlic, chicory, and honey. As a typical prebiotic, fructooligosaccharides cannot be digested and absorbed by the human body, but are selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, especially bifidobacteria, to promote gut health, support microbial balance.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP11/GF10 is a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) with a high degree of polymerization of approximately 11. It consists of multiple fructose units linearly linked via β(2→1) glycosidic bonds, with a glucose residue at the terminal end of the molecule. Fructo-oligosaccharide DP11/GF10 belongs to prebiotic substrates and can be selectively utilized by gut microbiota to modulate the structure and metabolic activity of the intestinal flora.

MTIC is the active metabolite of Temozolomide (TMZ) with anticancer and antitumor activity and is used in the study of melanoma.3'-Sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium is a prebiotic with anti-inflammatory activity.

3'-Sialyllactose sodium is a prebiotic with anti-inflammatory activity that maintains immune homeostasis. 3'-Sialyllactose sodium reduces stressor-induced anxiety-like behaviors and can be used in studies of inflammation and arthritis.

Lacto-N-tetraose is a core component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and is a tetrasaccharide composed of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose. Lacto-N-tetraose exhibits a variety of biological activities, including prebiotic effects, immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of intestinal cell responses, as well as antibacterial and antiviral activities. Lacto-N-tetraose is widely used in infant formula, functional foods, and biomedical research.

3'-Sialyllactose (3'-SL), a prebiotic with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, plays a role in maintaining immune homeostasis. As a common carbohydrate with the lowest toxicity level, it is utilized in inflammation research.

3-Fucosyllactose is one of the major human milk oligosaccharides, exhibiting prebiotic, immunomodulatory, neurodevelopment-promoting in neonates, and antibacterial activities.

6'-Sialyllactose (6'-SL) is one of the most predominant human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) with significant prebiotic activity, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) while inhibiting harmful pathogens. 6'-SL exhibits pleiotropic biological activities: it diminishes stress-induced anxiety via the gut-brain axis, ameliorates benign prostatic hyperplasia by suppressing VEGF-mediated angiogenesis (via Akt-ERK inhibition), and enhances exercise performance by increasing muscle mass and strength. It also reduces the internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human pneumocytes.

Ciceritol is a dietary fiber component/prebiotic that targets oligosaccharides with α-galactosidic bonds. It selectively promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria. Ciceritol shows promise for research into gut microbiota-related conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome and metabolic syndrome.

Arabinoxylan is a dietary fiber extracted from monocotyledonous crops, consisting of a β-(1→4)-xylose backbone and α-L-arabinose side chains. Arabinoxylan can be used to study gut microbial fermentation and its prebiotic effects.

Epilactose is a disaccharide comprising galactose and mannose, with prebiotic properties. It significantly promotes the growth of butyrate-producing bacteria, enhances the production of butyrate, and holds potential functional benefits for human health.