normoxia

Diprotin A (Ile-Pro-Ile) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor.

PX-478 is a HIF-1α inhibitor with selectivity, oral activity, and blood-brain barrier permeability. PX-478 has antitumor activity and also protects pancreatic β-cell function in diabetes mellitus and is used in type 2 diabetes mellitus research.

Evofosfamide (TH-302) is a hypoxia-activated prodrug of the cytotoxin bromo-isophosphoramide mustard (Br-IPM) conjugated with 2-nitroimidazole, possessing potential antineoplastic activity. Under hypoxic conditions, typical of hypoxic tumors, the 2-nitroimidazole moiety is reduced, releasing the DNA-alkylating Br-IPM moiety, which induces intra- and inter-strand DNA crosslinks that inhibit DNA replication and cell division, potentially causing apoptosis in tumor cells. The inactive form of the prodrug remains stable under normoxic conditions, which may reduce systemic toxicity.

Carbonic anhydrase-IN-35 is a selective inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA), demonstrating potent inhibition of tumor-associated hCA IX (Ki= 0.6 nM) and hCA XII (Ki= 2.2 nM). It induces autophagic apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by increasing Bax, decreasing Bcl-2, and downregulating CDK4/6. Carbonic anhydrase-IN-35 exhibits significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (IC50= 0.3975 μM normoxia / 0.6575 μM hypoxia), MCF-7-ADR (IC50= 0.3975 μM normoxia / 4.488 μM hypoxia), MDA-MB-231, and 4T1 breast cancer cells. This compound is applicable in breast cancer research.