neuronal apoptosis

HLY78 (4-Ethyl-5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-j]phenanthridine) targets the DIX domain of Axin, is an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and can enhance Axin-LRP6 binding to promote Wnt signaling.

AMN082 is an mGluR7 agonist with antidepressant effects. AMN082 has a neuroprotective effect on neuronal apoptosis in rats with traumatic brain injury and attenuates cocaine- and morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and cross-sensitization in mice.

alphaSYN-IN-NAB2, a neuron-protective agent, is a protein encoded by the NAB2 gene. NAB2 effectively and selectively protects a variety of cells from alpha-SYN toxicity. NAB2 promotes endosomal transport dependent on E3 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5/Nedd4. NAB2 identifies a viable molecular node in alpha-SYN biology that corrects multiple aspects of its underlying pathology, including dysfunctional endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicles transport. NAB2 is involved in cellular processes such as cell differentiation, apoptosis and stress response, and can be used to study cancer, neurodevelopment and neuronal activity.

GGTI 2147 decreased Rac1 activity, down-regulated p65 expression, and ameliorated OGD R-induced neuronal apoptosis.

HBDDE is a selective model inhibitor of the isoenzymes PKCα and PKCγ with IC 50 s of 43 μM and 50 μM, respectively.HBDDE has a higher affinity for PKCα PKCγ than the PKCδ, PKCβI, and PKCβII isoenzymes.HBDDE is a derivative of ellagic acid, which induces apoptosis in neuronal cells. HBDDE is a derivative of ellagic acid and induces apoptosis in neuronal cells.

Oxybenzone is a UV filter commonly used in tanning and skin protection agents. It is a derivative of benzophenone and is used as an endocrine disrupting chemical that penetrates the placental and blood-brain barriers. It impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status and disrupts vitamin X-like receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.

Adenosine (D-Adenosine) is a natural product, a ribonucleoside consisting of adenine bound to ribose. Adenosine has vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic and analgesic effects.

Olanzapine (LY170053) is an atypical antipsychotic that is used currently in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar illness.

HEPPS exhibits inhibitory activity against the amyloid-beta precursor protein, reducing Aβ aggregation burden and improving neuronal autophagy flux, thereby alleviating neuronal apoptosis and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. It can be used for research into Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders.

4-tert-Octylphenol, an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic properties, notably induces apoptosis in offspring mouse brain neuronal progenitor cells. This compound decreases levels of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), mitotic marker Ki67, and phospho-histone H3 (p-Histone-H3), thereby diminishing the proliferation of neuronal progenitors. Consequently, 4-tert-Octylphenol adversely affects brain development and behavior in mice.

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) is an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, including rice. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of various tumor cells. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) protects monocytes against statin-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium.

BMS-470539 dihydrochloride is a selective and highly potent melanocortin 1 receptor (MC-1 R) agonist with anti-inflammatory activity. BMS-470539 attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via the MC1R/cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 signaling pathway in a neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model.

CHPG is a selective mGluR5 agonist that reduces LDH release and neuronal apoptosis, activates the ERK and Akt pathways, and protects against traumatic brain injury. It also increases the number of differentiated human OPCs and alleviates LPS-induced inflammation.

K-7174 dihydrochloride is a proteasome and GATA inhibitor that inhibits neuronal degeneration and induces apoptosis.

MSI-1701, an analogue of MSI-1436, enhances (MSI-1436) activity by increasing (pMEK) and (pERK) phosphorylation, thus promoting (PI3K AKT) pathway signaling and inhibiting apoptosis in neuronal cells, which may contribute to its neuroprotective effects.

PaPE-1 is a pathway-preferential estrogen that activates extracellular nuclear signaling pathways without affecting nuclear signaling pathways. It exerts anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting Aβ-induced caspase activity and reducing chromatin condensation associated with apoptosis, thereby preventing neuronal cell death. Additionally, post-treatment with PaPE-1 decreases the mRNA expression of apoptosis-specific factors (such as Bax, Gsk3b, Fas, and Fasl) under Aβ influence, while upregulating Bcl2 expression.

TFGF-18 is a GSK-3β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.59 μM. It suppresses microglial activation and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by LPS by inhibiting GSK-3β and downstream p65 NF-κB signaling. TFGF-18 also prevents neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress, reduces the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3, while increasing Bcl-2 expression. It offers neuroprotection by inhibiting neuroinflammation and alleviating cognitive impairment.

STEP-IN-1 (Compound 14b) is a potent and selective inhibitor of STEP, with an IC50 of 5.27 μM. It offers neuroprotective effects by safeguarding neuronal cells from glutamate-induced toxicity, reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and inhibiting apoptosis. STEP-IN-1 is applicable in research related to neurodegenerative diseases.

Nrf2 activator 19 is a compound capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and acts as an NRF2/HO-1 activator, offering potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. It effectively reduces brain damage and minimizes the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Additionally, Nrf2 activator 19 inhibits neuronal apoptosis, aiding in the recovery of neural function and motor skills. It has demonstrated significant potential in ischemic stroke research.

Bis(7)-tacrine dihydrochloride is a dimeric AChE inhibitor derived from tacrine with potential to treat Alzheimer's disease, prevents glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis by blocking NMDA receptors, and is a potent GABA A receptor antagonist[1] [2] [3].

TT01001 (Ethyl 4-(3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)thioureido)piperidine-1-carboxylate) is a selective agonist of mitoNEET and reduces oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis by improving mitochondrial dysfunction. TT01001 can be used in studies about the treatment of type II diabetes.

Orsellinic acid, a compound obtained by treatment of Lecanoric acidy with alcohols, inhibits platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated neuronal apoptosis.

Collismycin A is a bacterial metabolite from *Streptomyces* with antibacterial, antiproliferative, and neuroprotective properties. It exhibits activity against various bacteria (MICs = 6.25-100 μg ml) and fungi (MICs = 12.5-100 μg ml). It inhibits proliferation of A549 lung, HCT116 colon, and HeLa cervical cancer cells (IC50s = 0.3, 0.6, and 0.3 μM, respectively) and NIH373 fibroblasts (IC50 = 56.6 μM) but not MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells (IC50 > 100 μM). Collismycin A forms a complex with Fe(II) and Fe(III) in a 2:1 ratio, with iron ions inhibiting its antiproliferative effect on HeLa cells, an effect not observed with zinc, manganese, copper, or magnesium ions. Additionally, Collismycin A (1 μM) reduces apoptosis in zebrafish larvae brain regions by 44% in a model of neuronal cell death induced by all-trans retinoic acid.

Pifithrin-β hydrobromide (Cyclic PFT-α) is an inhibitor of p53; reversibly blocks p53-dependent transcriptional activation and apoptosis. Protects against neuronal death in models of stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Active in vivo; protects mice from the side-effects of Y therapy associated with p53 induction. Supresses self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. Also aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist, causes upregulation of AHR target gene CYP1A1 (EC50 = 1.1 μM).