l-glutamine amide

L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide), a non-essential amino acid, is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia.

L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory transmitter, shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt monohydrate (MSG monohydrate) is an important food additive with gastrointestinal protective effects. It plays a critical role in nutrient metabolism, energy demand, immune response, oxidative stress, signal transduction, and synaptic transmission. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt monohydrate can induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in mouse liver and brain tissues. It can protect against gastrointestinal damage caused by NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori through multiple mechanisms.

DL-Glutamine (2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid), a non-essential amino acid, exists abundantly throughout the body and is participated in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia, and is the main carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

D-Glutamine is the D-type stereoisomer of cell-permeable glutamine, one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standardized genetic code.