innate immunity

Inarigivir soproxil (SB9200) is an agonist of innate immunity that demonstrates effective antiviral activity against resistant hepatitis C virus (HCV) variants, with EC50s of 2.2 and 1.0 μM for HCV 1a/1b in cells of genotype 1 HCV replicon systems.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

KIN1408 is an antiviral small molecule compound that is an agonist of the RIG-1-like receptor (RLR) pathway and is able to drive the activation of IRF3 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 3) to induce the expression of innate immunity genes (e.g., MDA5, RIG-1, Mx1, IRF7, and IFIT1), and to promote the nuclear translocation of IRF3 by targeting MAVS (Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein) or its upstream IRF3 nuclear translocation by targeting MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) or its upstream factors. KIN1400 is the parent, and KIN1409 is a derivative.

Peroxidase, found in the roots of horseradish, actively involves in oxidizing reactive oxygen species, innate immunity, hormone biosynthesis, and pathogenesis of several diseases.

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analog and an agonist of TLR3 as well as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). It can induce innate immune responses in mammals and serve as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance both innate and adaptive immunity, while modulating the tumor microenvironment and directly inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Poly(I:C) is commonly used to establish acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) animal models for studying immune responses and disease mechanisms.

Cyclic di-UMP is a pyrimidine-containing cyclic dinucleotide (CDN).1It is produced by bacterial cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases), such as LpCdnE02 fromL. pneumophila, and binds to cGAS, in the apo or dsDNA-bound forms, with reduced affinity compared to 2'3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-cGAMP .1,2Cyclic di-UMP is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-GMP signaling. 1.Whiteley, A.T., Eaglesham, J.B., de Oliveira Mann, C.C., et al.Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signalsNature564(7747)194-199(2019) 2.Hall, J., Ralph, E.C., Shanker, S., et al.The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibitionProtein Sci.26(12)2367-2380(2017)

IDR-1 is an antimicrobial peptide active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This compound modulates innate immunity to counter infections while avoiding evident toxicities. Additionally, IDR-1 exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-infective properties, increases the levels of monocyte chemokines, and reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

RGX-104 hydrochloride (SB742881) is a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. It modulates innate immunity via transcriptional activation of the ApoE gene.

EZH2-IN-15 (SHR2554) is a specific inhibitor of the zeste 2 histone modification enhancer (EZH2).EZH2 is aberrantly overexpressed in many human cancers and controls adaptive responses by regulating Treg activity. EZH2 expression in tumors has also been shown to control innate immunity.

ANA773 is a Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist prodrug with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon oral administration, ANA773 is metabolized into its active form that binds to and activates TLR7, thereby stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) and enhancing natural killer cell (NK) cytotoxicity. This activation results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon alpha, and enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). TLR7 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.

Poly(I:C):Kanamycin (1:1) sodium is a complex.Poly(I:C) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA analogue and a TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 agonist that enhances immunity and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells.Kanamycin is an antimicrobial agent that is effective against both Gram-negative and positive bacteria which is able to bind the 70S ribosomal subunit.

Botensilimab (AGEN 1181), a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), functions as an activator of both innate and adaptive immunity. It is currently being researched for its potential application in cancer treatment [1].

Orilanolimab (SYNT001) is a humanized, de-immunized monoclonal antibody that inhibits the FcRn-IgG interaction, disrupting IgG homeostasis and impeding FcRn-mediated adaptive immune responses and related innate and adaptive immunity pathways [1] [2].

Inarigivir ammonium (SB-9200 ammonium) is a dinucleotide antiviral compound that significantly reduces HBV DNA in transgenic mice expressing hepatitis B virus. Inarigivir is an agonist of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) that activates intracellular innate immunity.

Entolimod (CBLB-502) is a recombinant protein that serves as an agonist for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). It triggers the TLR5-NF-κB signaling cascade, leading to the mobilization of various components of both innate and adaptive immunity to the liver, subsequently inhibiting liver metastases and establishing long-term antitumor immune memory.

Lipopolysaccharides, from S. marcescens (Serratia marcescens), are endotoxins derived from the bacterium Serratia marcescens, functioning as TLR-4 activators and classified as S type LPS. These compounds activate the immune system through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and stimulate the secretion of chemokines. They feature a typical tripartite structure consisting of the O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and Lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides from S. marcescens promote NF-κB activation in mouse cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR4)/MD-2 pathways. Additionally, these lipopolysaccharides can induce apoptosis in host immune cells, thereby suppressing the host's innate immunity.