human milk

Human milk lysozyme, a pivotal defense agent in newborns' gastrointestinal protection against bacterial infections, is the specific lysozyme present in human milk [1].

2'-FUCOSYLLACTOSE (2'-Fucosyl-D-lactose) is a fucose-containing oligosaccharide.

2-Phenylglycine (DL-α-Phenylglycine) is a metabolite present in breast milk during lactation.

Silybin A is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

H-Abu-OH (L-α-amino-n-Butyric acid) , also known as (S)-2-aminobutanoic acid, homoalanine, 2-AABA, ethylglycine, or L-butyrine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. H-Abu-OH is a non-proteogenic amino acid that can be found in the human kidney, in liver tissues, and in most biofluids or excreta (e.g. feces, breast milk, urine, and blood). Within the cell, H-Abu-OH is primarily located in the cytoplasm. H-Abu-OH is biosynthesized by transaminating oxobutyrate, a metabolite in isoleucine biosynthesis. As a non-proteogenic amino acid, H-Abu-OH can be used by nonribosomal peptide synthases.

9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid that has been found in beef and milk fat.1It binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα; IC50= 140 nM) and activates the receptor in a reporter assay using COS-1 cells expressing mouse PPARα when used at a concentration of 100 μM.29(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits TNF-α-inducedGLUT4expression and increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.3Dietary administration of 9(Z)11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid reduces serum fasting glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and decreases white adipose tissue macrophage infiltration inob/obmice. It also increases body weight gain and body fat in weanling mice.4[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1278] 1.Shultz, T.D., Chew, B.P., Seaman, W.R., et al.Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cellsCancer Lett.63(2)125-133(1992) 2.Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Heuvel, J.P.V., Blanchard, S.G., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARαJ. Lipid Res.40(8)1426-1433(1999) 3.Moloney, F., Toomey, S., Noone, E., et al.Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissueDiabetes56(3)574-582(2007) 4.Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E.The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acidProg. Lipid Res.40(4)283-298(2001)

Resolvin D4 (RvD4) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid . [1] It has been detected in human milk, in the dorsal pouch of mice before and after infection with S. aureus, and in untreated tissues from humans, mice, and sardines.[2][3] RvD4, at 10 ng/mouse, reduces neutrophil infiltration in zymosan A-induced peritonitis and, at 200 ng/mouse, diminishes neutrophil infiltration in response to S. aureus infection. [3] With isolated cells, RvD4 promotes phagocytosis of bacteria, opsonized zymosan A, and apoptotic neutrophils by human macrophages.[3] It also promotes the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by human fibroblasts.[3] Reference:[1]. Serhan, C.N., and Savill, J. Resolution of inflammation: The beginning programs the end. Nature Immunology 6(12), 1191-1197 (2005).[2]. Arnardottir, H., Orr, S.K., Dalli, J., et al. Human milk proresolving mediators stimulate resolution of acute inflammation. Mucosal. Immunol. 9(3), 757-766 (2016).[3]. Winkler, J.W., Orr, S.K., Dalli, J., et al. Resolvin D4 stereoassignment and its novel actions in host protection and bacterial clearance. Sci.Rep. 6, (2016).

Lalistat 2 is a selective inhibitor of lysosomal acid lipase with IC50 of 152 nM and exhibits no inhibition of human pancreatic lipase or bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (up to 10 μM).

Heneicosanoic acid (C21:0) (HEA) is a fatty acid found in human milk fat. HEA is also a part of the phospholipids of the articular cartilage boundary lubricant. HEA is a constituent of red blood cell fatty acids.

3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose), a predominant fucosylated oligosaccharide in human breast milk, exhibits prebiotic, immunomodulating, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial functions.

6'-Sialyllactose (6'-SL) is one of the most predominant human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) with significant prebiotic activity, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) while inhibiting harmful pathogens. 6'-SL exhibits pleiotropic biological activities: it diminishes stress-induced anxiety via the gut-brain axis, ameliorates benign prostatic hyperplasia by suppressing VEGF-mediated angiogenesis (via Akt-ERK inhibition), and enhances exercise performance by increasing muscle mass and strength. It also reduces the internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human pneumocytes.

Lactodifucotetraose (Difucosyllactose), a tetrasaccharide extracted from human milk, consists of one D-glucose, one D-galactose, and two L-fucose molecules [1].

Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose III (MFLNH III) is a neutral human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose I (MFLNH I) is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) [1].

Lacto-N-triose II, a core structural unit of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), possesses nutraceutical potentials and is utilized in the synthesis of complex HMOs [1].

Lacto-N-neodifucohexaose II (Compd 9), a derivative of a principal human milk tetrasaccharide [1], functions as a click chemistry reagent featuring an Azide group, enabling it to participate in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with alkyne-bearing molecules and in strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.

Lacto-N-fucopentaose V (LNFP V), a novel pentasaccharide, is an oligosaccharide identified in human milk and various biofluids [1].

Lacto-N-difucohexaose II (LNDFH II), an oligosaccharide in human milk, plays a crucial role in infant health [1].

Disialyllacto-N-tetraose, a human milk oligosaccharide, has been shown to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats [1].

Difucosyllacto-N-neohexaose, an oligosaccharide, is isolatable from human milk [1].

6′-Galactosyllactose, a predominant oligosaccharide in human milk, is instrumental in synthesizing human milk oligosaccharides, including 3′-Galactosyllactose and 4′-Galactosyllactose. This compound has been shown to mitigate inflammation in human T84, NCM-460, and H4 cells as well as in intestinal tissues [1].

8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid, an ω-8 C20:2 fatty acid, constitutes 0.19% of total fatty acids in human milk. In vivo, it is converted by desaturases into eicosatrienoic acids, known for their potent vasodilator properties. However, the physiological effects of 8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid remain unexplored.

1-Myristoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features myristic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. This compound is prevalent in mature human milk, infant formula fats, and butterfat.

1,3-Dilinoleoyl-2-stearoyl glycerol, a triacylglycerol, incorporates linoleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and stearic acid at the sn-2 position. This compound is present in soybean oil and both transitional and mature human milk.