25(r)-27-hydroxy cholesterol

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) provides cellular energy, participates in overall energy balance, and maintains intracellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule through interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a variety of processes including neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodeling.

1-Methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline (1-Methoxycarbonyl-beta-carboline) is an alkaloid from Ailanthus altissima.

Isopulegol has antioxidant, and neuroactive properties. It also has gastroprotective effects induced by isopulegol appear to be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous prostaglandins, K+ATP channel opening and antioxidant proprieties related to GSH incr

D-Galactose is a naturally occurring hexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. It can combine with glucose to form lactose and is commonly used to establish animal models of aging.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a monosaccharide, a natural glucose, a sweetener. D-Glucose is the main functional substance of living organisms, and is used as a nutrient in medicine, with diuretic, detoxification and cardiotonic effects.

Biotin (Vitamin H) is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

L-Xylose (L-(-)-Xylose), a levo-isomer of Xylose, is classified as an aldopentose-type monosaccharide.

Pyruvic aldehyde (2-Oxopropanal) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound that can be converted to lactic acid by evolution from DHA and GLA.

Caryophyllene oxide is isolated from Aegle marmelos, with anti-inflammatory activity.

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Panaxoside Rg1) is a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity.

2-Nonanone (Heptyl methyl ketone) is an endogenous metabolite, an antagonist of CYP1A2 (Potency = 35.6 μM), and is used as a flavor in the food industry.

Psoralen (Ficusin) is a furocoumarin that intercalates with DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division.

D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt (Calcium pantothenate), a kind of water soluble vitamin, can reduce the patulin content of the apple juice.

1-Heptadecanol is a long-chain primary alcohol with antibacterial activity derived from Solena amplexicaulis leaves [1]. [1]. Soumendranath Chatterjee, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Long-Chain Primary Alcohols from Solena amplexicaulis Leaves. Proceedings of the Zoological Society volume 71, pages313-319(2018).

Ginsenoside C-K (Ginsenoside K) is a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1 exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2.

L-Leucine ((S)-Leucine) is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), L-Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. L-Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. L-Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. L-Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare.

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). L-Arginine is transported to vascular smooth muscle cells via a family of cationic amino acid transporters and is metabolized to nitric oxide, polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

D-Mannose (D-(+)-Mannose) is a carbohydrate. D-Mannose plays an important role in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of specific proteins.

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

alpha-D-glucose (α-Dextrose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that is part of membrane phospholipids.

Trilinolein (1,2,3-Trilinoleoylglycerol) is a triacylglycerol and has been reported to provide a number of beneficial effects including reducing thrombogenicity and arrhythmias and increasing erythrocyte deformability. It is also an antioxidant.

Fenchyl alcohol is a monoterpene alcohol extracted from the essential oil of Douglas fir leaves and used as a flavor. It significantly inhibits the activity of rumen microorganisms in sheep and deer.

Guanosine (DL-Guanosine) is a purine nucleoside formed from a beta-N9-glycosidic bond between guanine and a ribose ring, and is essential for metabolism.