12-oxo leukotriene b4

12-oxo Leukotriene B4 (12-Oxo-LTB4) is a potent pro-inflammatory lipid mediator classified as a dihydroxy fatty acid that is enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid metabolism via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, and it promotes a diverse array of leukocyte functional responses including cellular aggregation, stimulation of transmembrane ion fluxes, enhancement of lysosomal enzyme release, superoxide anion generation, chemotaxis, and chemokinesis; 12-oxo Leukotriene B4 is an initial oxidative metabolite formed from Leukotriene B4 via the LTB4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase pathway, which undergoes rapid enzymatic conversion first to 10,11-dihydro-12-oxo-LTB4 followed by reduction of the 12-oxo group to yield 10,11-dihydro-LTB4, and this metabolite exhibits significantly reduced biological potency, being approximately 70-fold less potent than LTB4 in stimulating Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils (EC50 = 33 nM vs. 0.46 nM) and also markedly less effective at stimulating neutrophil migration (EC50 = 170 nM vs. 2.7 nM).

Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.

3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor that selectively inhibits class IB PI3Kγ (IC50 = 60 μM) and class III VPS34 (IC50 = 25 μM). 3-Methyladenine inhibits autophagy.

Palmatine chloride an isoquinoline alkaloid, is an important medicinal herbal extract with diverse pharmacological and biological properties.

Citronellol ((±)-β-Citronellol) is used in insect repellents and perfumes and as a mite attractant.

Valproic Acid (2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor that inhibits HDAC1 activity, induces HDAC2 degradation, and is orally active. Valproic Acid can be used in epilepsy and bipolar disorder research.

Rutin hydrate (Sophorin), a kind of glycoside, widely exists in many plants including citrus fruit.

Praeruptorin B (Praeruptorin D), a compound found in the roots of Peuced, is an inhibitor of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) that attenuates the metastatic ability of human renal cancer cells by targeting CTSC and CTSV expression, and can be used in the study of osteoporosis.

Anisylacetone (Anisylacetone) is an effective lure for the male melon fly.

Ethyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetate is a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.

Terpineol possesses antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, it also exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. α-Terpineol (Terpineol) shows anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibits the gene expression of the IL-6 receptor.

Isopulegol has antioxidant, and neuroactive properties. It also has gastroprotective effects induced by isopulegol appear to be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous prostaglandins, K+ATP channel opening and antioxidant proprieties related to GSH incr

p-Toluic Acid (4-Methylbenzoic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acids. 4-Methylbenzoic acid has been primarily detected in saliva. Within the cell, 4-methylbenzoic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (Enoxolone) is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhizae Radix and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a COX inhibitor that inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 (IC50=113.7/25.8 μM). Acetaminophen has antipyretic and analgesic activity as well as weak anti-inflammatory activity.

Methyl salicylate (Gaultheria oil) is an organic ester naturally produced by many species of plants, particularly wintergreens. For acute joint and muscular pain, methyl salicylate is used as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating liniments.

D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. D-Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate (Glycyrrhizin) , an extensively used anti-inflammatory agent, is isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid, which inhibits 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, the main and sweet component of licorice, has been studied for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with potassium loss and sodium retention, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as inhibited the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Myricetin (Cannabiscetin) is a natural flavonoid and MEK1 inhibitor. Myricetin has hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities.

Lactose is a disaccharide derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk.

Piceatannol (Astringenin) is an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative agent. It inhibits p56lck and syk protein tyrosine kinases and inhibits NF-κB activation and gene expression of TNF-induced. It is synthetic from the conversion of resveratrol by cytochrome P450 1B1.

D-Phenylalanine, a necessary aromatic amino acid, is a precursor of thyroxine, dopamine, melanin, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid natural product that inhibits influenza virus replication (EC50=24.7 μM) and aldose reductase activity (IC50=320 nM). Isoliquiritigenin has antitumor activity.