Castor oil (Xenaderm) is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis, used as a laxative and as an excipient in medicinally.

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) is an oxidation product of oleic acid. Research indicates that DHSA can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice (a diabetic model). At higher concentrations, DHSA exhibits dose-dependent activation of PPAR-gamma, which is closely linked to its role in regulating glucose metabolism.