verrucarin a

Verrucarin A (Muconomycin A) is a Type D macrocyclic mycotoxin. Verrucarin A (VA), derived from the pathogen fungus Myrothecium verrucaria, is a protein synthesis inhibitor that inhibits the growth of leukemia cell lines and activates caspases, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling in macrophages. It effectively increases the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and diminishes the phosphorylation of ERK/Akt. Additionally, Verrucarin A causes cell cycle deregulation through the induction of p21 and p53 [1] [2].

Verrucarin J (Muconomycin B), derived from the Myrothecium fungus family, effectively generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, including A549, HCT 116, and SW-620. Besides its anticancer properties, it exhibits antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Mucor miehei. Furthermore, it notably inhibits the arenavirus Junin (JUNV) yield with an IC 50 of 1.2 ng/mL.

16-Hydroxyroridin L-2 is a member of the verrucarin subclass of antibiotics with antitumor properties.

8-Acetylverrucarin L (Verrucarin L acetate) is a mycotoxin known for its antitumor and antibacterial properties. It exhibits cytotoxicity against cancer cells HCT116 and A2780S with an IC100 of 9.77 ng/mL for both. Moreover, 8-Acetylverrucarin L demonstrates antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Geotrichum candidum.

(-)-Verrucarol is a monocyclic trichothecene sesquiterpene and a hydrolysis product of natural Verrucarin A. It is utilized for cancer research.