toxins

ABMA is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of intracellular toxins and pathogens, efficiently protecting cells against various pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. ABMA selectively acts on host cell late endosomes rather than targeting the toxin or pathogen itself.

Tirilazad mesylate (U 74006F) is a non-glucocorticoid, lipid peroxidation inhibitor with antiviral and neuroprotective activities. It confines intracellular intramembranous foci, attenuates spinal cord injuries induced by trauma, stroke, and ischemia reperfusion injuries, inhibits toxins in dogs, and is used in the study of neurological disorders.

Silibinin (Silybin) is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

Hydrazinium hydroxide is a fluorinated carboxylic acid that has been used to study the mechanisms of action of enzymes, hormones and other biomolecules. It has also been used to study the effects of various drugs on the body and to study the effects of environmental toxins on the body.

Retro-2 (2-{[(5-methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]amino}) is a plant toxin ricin inhibitor, itprotects HeLa cells against Ricin, Stx1 and Stx2, selectively blocks retrograde toxin trafficking at the early endosome-TGN (trans-Golgi network) interface.

B022 is a selective and potent NF-κB-induced kinase (NIK) inhibitor (Ki: 4.2 nM) and a chemical probe for treating liver inflammation and injury, protecting the liver from inflammation and injury caused by oxidative stress and toxins.

Anti-MRSA agent 20 (Compound a4) is an antimicrobial agent targeting MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 0.03125 μg mL. It binds to the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome, inhibiting the synthesis of MRSA toxins and bacterial division, thereby suppressing bacterial survival. Furthermore, Anti-MRSA agent 20 significantly reduces the pulmonary MRSA load and diminishes lung damage in mice infected with MRSA (ED50= 6.48 mg kg).

EGA inhibits the intoxication of lethal toxins and prevents the entry of a variety of other acid-dependent bacterial toxins and viruses into mammalian cells.EGA is a powerful tool for the study of membrane trafficking and can be used to treat infectious diseases.

ADDA is a non-proteinogenic amino acid existed in toxins produced by cyanobacteria.

Holothurin B, as a part of a group of toxins, is originally isolated from the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi.

Lolitrem B is one of many toxins produced by a fungus called Epichloë festucae (var. lolii), which grows in perennial ryegrass. The fungus is symbiotic with the ryegrass; it doesn't harm the plant, and the toxins it produces kill insects that feed on ryeg

Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. There are three different types of this toxin: A, B and C, of which toxins A and B are more toxic than C. Pumiliotoxins interfere with muscle contraction by affecting

Emestrin, a mycotoxin originally isolated from *E. striata*, exhibits antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities. It is effective against fungi *C. albicans* and *C. neoformans*, and bacteria *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, and methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg ml, respectively). Emestrin acts as a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes). At 0.1 μg ml, it induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells and causes necrosis in heart, thymus, and liver tissues in mice at doses of 18-30 mg kg.

Janthitrem A is a mycotoxin that has been found inP. janthinellum.1It induces tremors in mice and decreases the time to fall from the rotarod when administered at a dose of 4 mg/kg.2Janthitrem A (20 μg/g) also reducesW. cervinatalarvae weight gain and food consumption. 1.Gallagher, R.T., Latch, G.C., and Keogh, R.G.The janthitrems: Fluorescent tremorgenic toxins produced by Penicillium janthinellum isolates from ryegrass pasturesAppl. Environ. Microbiol.39(1)272-273(1980) 2.Babu, J.V., Popay, A.J., Miles, C.O., et al.Identification and structure elucidation of janthitrems A and D from Penicillium janthinellum and determination of the tremorgenic and anti-insect activity of janthitrems A and BJ. Agric. Food Chem.66(50)13116-13125(2018)

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

Globotetraosylceramides are bioactive neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the major glycolipids in human erythrocytes. They act as receptors for the Shiga toxins Stx1, Stx2, and Stx2e, the cytotoxic protein pierisin-1, and parvovirus B19. Globotetraosylceramides increase the expression of proteins responsible for enamel deposition, including ameloblastin, amelogenin, and enamelin, in dental epithelial cells and activate the ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Levels of globotetraosylceramides are elevated in fibroblasts from patients with salt and pepper syndrome, a neurocutaneous condition characterized by intellectual disability and hyper- and hypo-pigmented skin. Globotetraosylceramides (porcine RBC) contains a mixture of globotetraosylceramides with variable fatty acyl chain lengths isolated from porcine red blood cells.

Tubulysin IM-2 is an ADC Cytotoxin and tubulin binder used as anti-microtubule toxins .

OSK-1 is a potent potassium channel blocker belonging to the α-KTx3 toxins. It exhibits IC50 values of 0.6 nM, 5.4 nM, and 0.014 nM for Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3 channels, respectively. Additionally, OSK-1 acts as a moderate blocker of the calcium-activated KCa3.1 channel, with an IC50 of 225 nM. Consequently, OSK-1 finds application as an immunosuppressive drug.

Phallacidin, a phallotoxin family member, targets and binds to F-actin in mushroom toxins.

Tubulysin IM-3 is an ADC Cytotoxin as well as tubulin binder. Tubulysin IM-3 can be used as anti-microtubule toxins.

BRF110 is a brain penetrant, potent and selective agonist of nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1):Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) heterodimer. BRF110 is a neuroprotective agent that prevents dopaminergic neuron demise and striatal dopaminergic denervation in vivo against PD-causing toxins. It induced dopamine biosynthesis in vivo. BRF110 chronic dosing does not induce dyskinesia in mice model.

Tubulysin IM-1, functioning as an ADC (Antibody-Drug Conjugate) cytotoxin and a tubulin binder, serves as an anti-microtubule toxin [1].

Dendraspis Angusticeps Venom (Eastern Green Mamba Venom), extracted from the green mamba (Dendraspis Angusticeps), comprises natriuretic peptides and fasciculins (anticholinesterase toxins). This venom promotes the release of acetylcholine and prevents quinuclidinyl benzilate from binding to mAChR [1][2][3][4].