toxins

Retro-2 (2-{[(5-methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]amino}) is a plant toxin ricin inhibitor, itprotects HeLa cells against Ricin, Stx1 and Stx2, selectively blocks retrograde toxin trafficking at the early endosome-TGN (trans-Golgi network) interface.

Apratoxin S4 (Apra S4), a potent inhibitor of Sec61, disrupts the cotranslational translocation of secretory proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), showcasing antiviral efficacy against select flaviviruses with IC 50 values spanning 0.46 nM to 170 nM. It also curtails retinal vascular cell activation by targeting various angiogenic pathways. This compound is valuable for investigating viral infections, angiogenic diseases, and cancers [1] [2].

Hexa-D-arginine is an inhibitor of furin,blocks the activation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in vivo.

Sarafotoxin S6a TFA, an analogue of sarafotoxin, functions as an endothelin receptor agonist with an ET_A/ET_B selectivity profile akin to Endothelin-3. It demonstrates an EC_50 of 7.5 nM in stimulating the pig coronary artery [1].

[Lys4] Sarafotoxin S6c, an analogue of sarafotoxin, serves as a potent, partial agonist of the endothelin receptor, inducing contraction in pig coronary artery with an effective concentration (EC 50) of 1.5 nM [1].

ω-Conotoxin SO3 is an analgesic peptide that functions as an antagonist to N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, and can be isolated from the venom of Conus striatus [1] [2].

μ-Conotoxin Sx IIIA is a bioactive peptide that blocks NaV1.4 channels.

μ-Conotoxin SxIIIC, an irreversible NaV channel inhibitor, is derived from Conus striolatus and is useful in researching neurological disorders, including chronic pain [1].

μ-Conotoxin SIIIA, a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel blocker, is a toxic peptide derived from Conus snail venom. It has applications in researching neurological diseases, including neuropathic pain [1].

ω-Conotoxin SVIB, a peptide toxin derived from Conus venoms, exhibits inhibition of the twitch response with an IC50 value of 37 nM and can induce respiratory distress. At high concentrations, it has been shown to be lethal to mice [1] [2].

Enterotoxin STp (E. coli), a heat-stable enterotoxin, is applicable in vaccine research [1].

Endothelin receptor agonist (EC50 values are 7.5 and > 150 nM for contraction of pig coronary artery and guinea pig aorta respectively). Nociceptive in vivo.

Highly selective ETB endothelin receptor agonist (Ki values are 0.29 and 28000 nM at ETB and ETA receptors respectively).

non-selective endothelin receptor agonist

Sarafotoxin S6d (STX-b) is a peptide toxin isolated from the venom of the Israeli burrowing asp. It induces various Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes such as myocardial ischemia and hyperkalemia. In rat aortas, Sarafotoxin S6d causes intense vasoconstriction dependent on extracellular calcium ions and exhibits positive inotropic effects in rat atria. This compound is useful for research into cardiovascular diseases.

Enterotoxin STp TFA, a heat-stable enterotoxin, is utilized in vaccine research.

ABMA is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of intracellular toxins and pathogens, efficiently protecting cells against various pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. ABMA selectively acts on host cell late endosomes rather than targeting the toxin or pathogen itself.

Tirilazad mesylate (U 74006F) is a non-glucocorticoid, lipid peroxidation inhibitor with antiviral and neuroprotective activities. It confines intracellular intramembranous foci, attenuates spinal cord injuries induced by trauma, stroke, and ischemia/reperfusion injuries, inhibits toxins in dogs, and is used in the study of neurological disorders.

Silybin A is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

Hydrazinium hydroxide is a fluorinated carboxylic acid that has been used to study the mechanisms of action of enzymes, hormones and other biomolecules. It has also been used to study the effects of various drugs on the body and to study the effects of environmental toxins on the body.

B022 is a selective and potent NF-κB-induced kinase (NIK) inhibitor (Ki: 4.2 nM) and a chemical probe for treating liver inflammation and injury, protecting the liver from inflammation and injury caused by oxidative stress and toxins.

Anti-MRSA agent 20 (Compound a4) is an antimicrobial agent targeting MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 0.03125 μg/mL. It binds to the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome, inhibiting the synthesis of MRSA toxins and bacterial division, thereby suppressing bacterial survival. Furthermore, Anti-MRSA agent 20 significantly reduces the pulmonary MRSA load and diminishes lung damage in mice infected with MRSA (ED50= 6.48 mg/kg).

Saccharic acid (also known as glucaric acid) is a dicarboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of glucose, and it is an important intermediate in the study of sugar metabolism and carbohydrate oxidation. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of β-glucuronidase, preventing the hydrolysis of glucuronides that have already bound to toxins, thereby blocking the regeneration of toxic complexes.

Tubulysin Aintermediate-1 is an intermediate in the synthesis of the cytotoxic peptide Tubulysin A. Tubulysin A (TubA) acts as an antibiotic (antibiotic), anti-microtubule toxins (anti-microtubule toxins), and apoptosis (apoptosis) inducer, which can be isolated from myxobacteria. It exhibits anti-angiogenic, anti-microtubule, anti-mitotic, and anti-proliferative properties, effectively blocking cells in the G2/M phase, inhibiting tubulin polymerization, and inducing depolymerization of isolated microtubules. Tubulysin A serves as an ADC Cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin) in the synthesis of ADCs.