tca

2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium (AKG) is a key molecule in the TCA cycle. It can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM). 2-Ketoglutaric acid is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and can produce either ATP or GTP. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as a major carbon backbone for the nitrogen assimilation reaction.

Disodium succinate (Sodium succinate) is the sodium salt form of succinate, which is an important metabolite at the cross-road of several metabolic pathways and involved in the formation and elimination of reactive oxygen species.

Homodestcardin is a cyclic depsipeptide fungal metabolite that has been found in T. roseum and has immunosuppressant activity. It inhibits concanavalin A-induced proliferation of isolated mouse T cells.

6PPD-Q (6PPD-Quinone) is an environmental pollutant that can target CNR2, CNR1, AA2AR, LCAT and TRPA1. Among them, CNR2 has the highest binding affinity and may act as a CNR2 receptor agonist to activate cannabinoid receptors. 6PPD-Q can damage the sperm quality and induce the impairment of male reproductive ability in mice. 6PPD-Q can induce intestinal inflammation and barrier damage by disrupting mitochondrial function, reducing neuronal glycolytic metabolites and TCA cycle intermediates, and exacerbating α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation.

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid found in many sour foods, such as apples, and contributes to the sourness of green apples and tartness of wine, although its concentration decreases with fruit ripeness (wikipedia). In its ionized form, it is called malate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle alongside fumarate, and can be formed from pyruvate through anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is derived from food sources and synthesized in the body via the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, playing a crucial role in energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, providing reducing equivalents via the malate-aspartate redox shuttle, while during anaerobic conditions, its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate removes excess reducing equivalents, reversing hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. Studies on rats have shown that tissue malate depletes following exhaustive physical activity, suggesting that malic acid deficiency may cause physical exhaustion. Administering malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate, increasing mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-mal

Diethyl succinate is the diethyl ester of succinate and acts as an irritant.

Oxoadipic acid (2-Oxoadipic acid) is a key metabolite of the essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine.Important metabolite between the TCA cycle and lysine biosynthesis. Of interest for research on mitochondrial metabolite transporters.

(S)-Malic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of (S)-Malic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. (S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. (wikipedia). In its ionized form malic acid is called malate. Malate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. Malate's importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess of reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle needed for energy production were found to be unchanged. Because of this, a deficiency of malic acid has been hypothesized to be a major cause of physical exhaustion. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

Diethyl succinate (Standard) is the standard substance of Diethyl succinate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Diethyl succinate is the diethyl ester of succinate and acts as an irritant.

Tauroursocholic acid (TUCA) is the taurine-conjugated derivative of ursocholic acid and serves as the 7β-hydroxy epimer of taurocholic acid (TCA). Unlike TCA, TUCA does not inhibit HMG-CoA reductase or the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP7A1, also known as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Elevated bile levels of TUCA are observed in patients with biliary tract cancer compared to those with benign biliary conditions.