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Niclosamide is a classic salicylanilide antiparasitic drug and a multi-target, low-toxicity, broad-spectrum small-molecule modulator with anthelmintic and antitumor activity. Niclosamide disrupts the parasite’s energy metabolism by uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, leading to reduced ATP production and ultimately killing the parasite. Niclosamide is a STAT3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.25 μM in HeLa cells.

Vorinostat (SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (IC50=10 nM) with inhibitory activity against HDAC1/2/3/6/7/11. Vorinostat has antitumor activity, induces cell differentiation, blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis.