Shopping Cart
Remove All
Your shopping cart is currently empty
(1)
By Target- Phospholipase
- Others(3)
Welcome to our new website experience
As we continue to roll out more enhancements, enjoy a host of updated features to make your journey with us smarter, faster and easier.
Show more
What's new
- Intuitive search with relevant results
- Easily compare products in detail
- Quick, simple checkout
- Be part of our community, read or submit product reviews
We would love to know what you think, so we have included a feedback tab on every page.
Home
All
- Autophagy
- Cell Cycle/Checkpoint
- Cytoskeletal Signaling
- Chromatin/Epigenetic
- Endocrinology/Hormones
- Hedgehog/Smoothened
- Angiogenesis
- DNA Damage/DNA Repair
- Apoptosis
- NF-κB
- Neuroscience
- MAPK
- Microbiology/Virology
- GPCR/G Protein
- TGF-beta/Smad
- Immunology/Inflammation
- Proteases/Proteasome
- Stem Cells
- Ubiquitination
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Membrane transporter/Ion channel
- PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling
- Metabolism
- Wnt/beta-catenin
- JAK/STAT signaling
- Tyrosine Kinase/Adaptors
- TLR
- PARP
- Focused Bioactive LibrariesApproved Drug LibraryFDA-Approved Drug LibraryFDA-Approved & Pharmacopeia Drug LibraryClinical Compound LibraryPreclinical Compound LibraryBioactive Compound LibraryTarget-Focused Phenotypic Screening LibraryReFRAME Related LibraryEpigenetics Compound LibraryCytoskeletal Signaling Pathway Compound LibraryTranscription Factor-Targeted Compound LibraryGPCR Compound LibraryIon Channel Inhibitor LibraryEndocrinology-Hormone Compound LibraryJAK-STAT Compound LibraryNF-κB Signaling Compound LibraryDNA Damage & Repair Compound LibraryUbiquitination Compound LibraryFerroptosis Compound LibraryCuproptosis Compound LibraryKinase Inhibitor LibraryAnti-Cancer Compound LibraryAnti-Bacterial Compound LibraryAnti-Cardiovascular Disease Compound LibraryCNS-Penetrant Compound LibraryAnti-Viral Compound LibraryAnti-Neurodegenerative Disease Compound LibraryPeptide Compound Library
- Natural Product LibrariesNatural Product Library for HTSNatural Product LibraryHuman Endogenous Metabolite LibraryHuman Endogenous Metabolite Compound Library PlusNatural Product Derivatives LibraryPolyphenolic Natural Product LibraryAlkaloid Natural Product LibraryFlavonoid Natural Product LibraryTerpene Natural Product LibraryCovalent Natural Product LibraryThe Yao nationality medicine LibraryTibetan medicine Compound LibraryTraditional Mongolian Medicine Compound LibraryFood as Medicine Compound LibraryMarine Natural Product LibraryMicrobial Natural Product LibraryAnti-infective Natural Product LibraryAnti-Tumor Natural Product LibraryAnti-Inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound LibraryAnti-COVID-19 Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound LibraryAnti-virus Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomer LibraryAnti-Colorectal Cancer Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound LibraryPBCRBS Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound LibraryTraditional Chinese Medicine Monomer LibrarySelected Plant-Sourced Compound LibraryGut Microbial Metabolite LibrarySelectable Natural Product LibraryNatural Product Derivatives Library for CADD
- Fragment LibrariesHigh Solubility Fragment LibraryDrug-Fragment LibraryCovalent Fragments Smart Library2nd Generation Premium Fragment LibraryLF Covalent Fragment LibraryPre-plated Covalent Fragment Screening SetLF Fluorine Fragment LibraryBIONET Fluorine Fragment Library
- Drug-like Compound LibrariesMini Scaffold LibraryGolden Scaffold LibrarySmartTM LibraryDiversity Core Library Part1Representative Compounds LibraryBioactivity Library Plus2Covalent Inhibitor LibrarySmart Library of Covalent InhibitorsHelicase Focused LibraryHelicase Focused LibraryATPase Focused LibraryCysteine Focused Covalent Inhibitor LibraryCNS MPO LibraryDrug-like natural compound libraryNatural Product-like Compound Library by Similarity SearchNatural Product-like Compound Library by Chemoinformatics and Substructure SearchPPI CDI LibrarySerine Focused Covalent Inhibitor LibraryDIVERSet-EXP LibrarySteroid-like-compoundsRNA Focused LibraryNucleoside Mimetics Library
- Steroids
- Coumarins
- Lignans
- Saccharides and Glycosides
- Alkaloids
- Terpenoids
- Phenylpropanoids
- Flavonoids
- Phenols
- Quinones
- Others
- CAR-T Therapy Target Proteins
- CD Proteins
- Complement System
- Cytokines and Growth Factors
- Enzymes
- Fluorescent Proteins
- Hormones
- Immune Checkpoint Proteins
- Others
- Receptor Proteins
- Viral Proteins
- Adalimumab
- Anti-Mouse PD-1 Antibody (RMP1-14)
- Dupilumab
- Trastuzumab
- Pembrolizumab
- Trastuzumab deruxtecan
- Nivolumab
- Atezolizumab
- Bevacizumab
- Infliximab
- Rituximab
- Cetuximab
- ADC Antibody
- ADC Cytotoxin
- ADC Linker
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
- Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC
- PROTAC-Linker Conjugates for PAC
- Tumor/Cancer
- Immune and Inflammatory
- Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Endocrine and Metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Infectious Diseases
- Organoids and Stem Cells
- Primary antibodies
- Flow cytometry antibodies
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Loading Control Antibodies
- Tag Antibodies
- Fluorescent Antibodies
- Polyclonal Antibodies
- Recombinant Antibody
- Small Molecule Compound Antibody
- Phosphorylation Antibody
- Methylation/Acetylation Antibody
- Secondary Antibodies
- Semaglutide
- GsMTx4 TFA (1209500-46-8 free base)
- Aprotinin
- β-Amyloid (1-42), acetate (human)
- Insulin (human)
- 740 Y-P
- Ceruletide
- Gastrin I, human
- Exendin-4
- Pam3CSK4 TFA (112208-00-1 free base)
- Liraglutide
- ATTECs
- AUTACs
- E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
- Ligand for E3 Ligase
- Ligands for Target Protein for PROTAC
- LYTACs
- Molecular Glues
- PROTAC Linker
- PROTACs
- SNIPERs
- Target Protein Ligand-Linker Conjugate
- Cell biology dyes
- Molecular biology dyes
- Biological dyes
- Fluorescence wavelength dye
- Enzyme substrate dyes
- Biochemical colorimetric reagent
- Chemical analysis
- Colorants
- Laser dye
- Other dyes
- Cell Proliferation/Cytotoxicity Assay Kit
- Protease Inhibitor Cocktail
- Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail
- Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail
- Deacetylase Inhibitor Cocktail
- RIPA Lysis Buffer
- BCA Protein Quantification Kit
- Sterile Antibiotic Solution
- SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix
- Immunoprecipitation Magnetic Beads
- Immunoprecipitation Kits
- Protein Purification Magnetic Beads
- Agarose Beads
- Streptavidin Magnetic Beads
- Cell Isolation Kits
- Preactivated Magnetic Beads
- Polymer Magnetic Beads
- Agarose Magnetic Beads
- Dextran Magnetic Beads
- Oligo (dT) Magnetic Beads
- Non-fluorescent Dyes
- Cell-associated Fluorescent Dyes
- Energy Metabolism Kit
- Carbohydrate Metabolism Kit
- Nitrogen Metabolism Kit
- Lipid Metabolism Kit
- Redox Related Kit
- Enzyme Activity Assay Kit
- Plant Physiological Kit
- Elemental/Environmental Reagent Kit
- Isotope products
- Deuterium Labeled Compounds
- Carbon-13 Labeled Compounds
- Nitrogen-15 Labeled Compounds
- Biochemical Buffers and Solution Reagents
- Biomaterials Related Reagents
- Biomacromolecule Related Reagents
- Cell and Microbial Research Reagents
- Natural Bioactive Protein
- Other Scientific Research Reagents
- Cancer Modeling
- Immunology and Inflammation Disease Modeling
- Nervous System Disease Modeling
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease Modeling
- Urinary System Disease Modeling
- Respiratory System Disease Modeling
- Digestive System Disease Modeling
- Skin Disease Modeling
- Genetically Engineered Disease Modeling
- Other Disease Modeling
- Cardiovascular System Disease Modeling
- Natural Product Standards
- Active Small Molecule Standards
- Isotope Standards
- Peptide Standards
- Dye Reagents Standards
- Other Standards
- Molecular Docking
- Virtual Screening
- Biomolecular Interaction
- Custom Synthesis
- AI-driven Ultra High-throughput Virtual Screening
- PDBbind+
- Molecular Binding & Interaction Assay
- GPCR Bioassay
- Pharmacokinetics (PK)
- Target Fishing
- ALK
- Bcr-Abl
- BTK
- EGFR
- FAK
- FGFR
- FLT
- HER
- HIF
- JAK
- PDGFR
- Src
- Syk
- VDA
- VEGFR
- Apoptosis
- ASK
- BCL
- Caspase
- c-RET
- DAPK
- Fas/FasL
- Ferroptosis
- FKBP
- FOXO1
- IAP
- Mdm2
- Necroptosis
- OXPHOS
- p53
- PD-1/PD-L1
- PERK
- Pyroptosis
- RIP kinase
- Survivin
- TNF
- Autophagy
- CXCR
- FKBP
- LRRK2
- lysosomal autophagy
- Mitophagy
- Antifolate
- APC
- Aurora Kinase
- BMI-1
- CDK
- Cell Cycle Arrest
- Chk
- c-Myc
- DHFR
- DNA/RNA Synthesis
- DUB
- DYRK
- Haspin Kinase
- IRE1
- KSP
- LIM Kinase
- Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
- PD-1/PD-L1
- PLK
- Rho
- ROCK
- Serine/threonin kinase
- Wee1
- AMPK
- Aurora Kinase
- DNA Methyltransferase
- Epigenetic Reader Domain
- HDAC
- HIF
- HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
- Histone Acetyltransferase
- Histone Demethylase
- Histone Methyltransferase
- HuR
- JAK
- Methionine Adenosyltransferase (MAT)
- PAD
- PARP
- Pim
- PKC
- Sirtuin
- Akt
- Arp2/3 Complex
- Bcr-Abl
- Dynamin
- FAK
- Gap Junction Protein
- HSP
- Integrin
- Kinesin
- Microtubule Associated
- Myosin
- PAK
- PKC
- ROCK
- Wnt/beta-catenin
- ATM/ATR
- BMI-1
- CRISPR/Cas9
- DHFR
- DNA
- DNA Alkylation
- DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker
- DNA gyrase
- DNA/RNA Synthesis
- DNA-PK
- DUB
- HDAC
- MTH1
- Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
- PARP
- PPAR
- Sirtuin
- Telomerase
- Topoisomerase
- Androgen Receptor
- Aromatase
- Estrogen Receptor/ERR
- Estrogen/progestogen Receptor
- Glucocorticoid Receptor
- GPR
- LHRH
- Opioid Receptor
- Oxytocin Receptor
- RAAS
- Reductase
- Thyroid hormone receptor(THR)
- 5-HT Receptor
- Adenosine Receptor
- Adiponectin receptor
- Adrenergic Receptor
- Amylin Receptor
- Annexin A
- Apelin receptor
- Arrestin
- Bombesin Receptor
- Bradykinin Receptor
- cAMP
- Cannabinoid Receptor
- CaSR
- CGRP Receptor
- cholecystokinin
- CRFR
- CXCR
- Dopamine Receptor
- EBI2/GPR183
- Endothelin Receptor
- GHSR
- Glucagon Receptor
- GNRH Receptor
- GPCR19
- GPR
- GRK
- GTPase
- Guanylate cyclase
- Hedgehog/Smoothened
- Histamine Receptor
- Kisspeptin
- Leukotriene Receptor
- LPA Receptor
- LPL Receptor
- Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor (MCHR)
- Melanocortin Receptor
- Melatonin Receptor
- Motilin Receptor
- Neurokinin receptor
- Neuropeptide W
- Neuropeptide Y Receptor
- Neurotensin Receptor
- Opioid Receptor
- OX Receptor
- Oxytocin Receptor
- P2Y Receptor
- PACAP
- PAFR
- Prostaglandin Receptor
- Protease-activated Receptor
- RXFP receptor
- S1P Receptor
- SGLT
- Sigma receptor
- Somatostatin
- TSH Receptor
- Vasopressin Receptor
- AhR
- AIM2
- Antiviral
- Arginase
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- CCR
- CD38
- CD73
- Cell wall
- cGAS
- Complement System
- COX
- CXCR
- Cytokine release
- FKBP
- FLAP
- Galectin
- gp120/CD4
- Histamine Receptor
- IFNAR
- IL Receptor
- Immunology/Inflammation related
- Interleukin
- IRAK
- LTR
- MALT
- MRP
- MyD88
- NADPH-oxidase
- NO Synthase
- NOD
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)
- NOS
- Nrf2
- PD-1/PD-L1
- PGE Synthase
- Prostaglandin Receptor
- Pyroptosis
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- ROS
- STING
- Thrombopoietin Receptor
- TLR
- EGFR
- HER
- JAK
- Pim
- STAT
- ERK
- JNK
- KLF
- KLF
- MAPK
- MEK
- MLK
- MNK
- p38 MAPK
- Raf
- S6 Kinase
- TOPK
- ABC
- Anion Exchanger
- Aquaporin
- ATPase
- BCRP
- Calcium Channel
- CFTR
- Chloride channel
- CRM1
- GABA Receptor
- HCN Channel
- iGluR
- Monoamine Transporter
- Monocarboxylate transporter
- Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger
- Na-K-Cl cotransporter
- NPC1L1
- OAT
- OCT
- P2X Receptor
- P-gp
- Piezo Channel
- Potassium Channel
- Proton pump
- Sodium Channel
- TRP/TRPV Channel
- VDAC
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
- aconitase
- Acyltransferase
- Adenosine deaminase
- AhR
- Amino Acids and Derivatives
- Aminopeptidase
- Amylase
- Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
- ATP Citrate Lyase
- Calcium Channel
- Carbonic Anhydrase
- Casein Kinase
- CETP
- CPT
- Decarboxylase
- Dehydrogenase
- DHFR
- Drug Metabolite
- Endogenous Metabolite
- Epoxide Hydrolase
- FAAH
- FABP
- Factor Xa
- Fatty Acid Synthase
- FXR
- Glucokinase
- Glucosidase
- Glutathione Peroxidase
- Glycosidase
- GSNOR
- hCE
- Hexokinase
- HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- HSP
- Hydrogenase
- Hydroxylase
- IDO
- Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)
- LDL
- Lipase
- Lipid
- Lipoxygenase
- Liver X Receptor
- MAGL
- MAO
- Mitochondrial Metabolism
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase
- NADPH
- NAMPT
- NEDD8
- Neprilysin
- NUDIX hydrolase
- P450
- PAI-1
- PDE
- Phosphatase
- Phospholipase
- Phosphorylase
- PKM
- PPAR
- Procollagen C Proteinase
- Prolyl Endopeptidase (PREP)
- RAR/RXR
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Reductase
- Retinoid Receptor
- ROR
- Serine/threonin kinase
- SGK
- Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)
- stilbene oxidase
- Taste receptor
- Thioredoxin
- Transaminase
- Transferase
- transporter
- UGT
- Vitamin
- Xanthine Oxidase
- Antibacterial
- Antibiotic
- Antifection
- Antifungal
- Anti-infection
- CCR
- GluCls
- HBV
- HCV Protease
- HIV Protease
- HSV
- Influenza Virus
- Integrase
- Parasite
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Ribosome
- RSV
- SARS-CoV
- Virus Protease
- 5-HT Receptor
- AAK1 (AP2 associated kinase 1)
- AChE
- AChR
- Adenosine Receptor
- Adrenergic Receptor
- BACE
- Beta Amyloid
- Beta-Secretase
- CaMK
- CGRP Receptor
- COX
- Dopamine Receptor
- FAAH
- GABA Receptor
- Gamma-secretase
- GluR
- GlyT
- Histamine Receptor
- Huntingtin
- iGluR
- Imidazoline Receptor
- MAO
- Melanocortin Receptor
- Monoamine Oxidase
- MT Receptor
- Neurokinin receptor
- Neuropeptide W
- Neuropeptide Y Receptor
- NMDAR
- NMU2R
- Norepinephrine
- Opioid Receptor
- OX Receptor
- P2X Receptor
- P2Y Receptor
- P-gp
- Serotonin Transporter
- IRAK
- IκB/IKK
- NF-κB
- NOD
- RANKL/RANK
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- RIP kinase
- advanced glycation end products
- CYP19A1
- Decarboxylase
- DprE1
- Fer/FerT kinase
- Others
- Platelet aggregation
- Progesterone Receptor
- Antioxidant
- Free radical scavengers
- Glutathione reductase
- GPX
- GST
- Akt
- AMPK
- ATM/ATR
- DNA-PK
- GSK-3
- MELK
- mTOR
- PDK
- PI3K
- PI4K
- PTEN
- S6 Kinase
- SIK
- ATTECs
- AUTACs
- E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
- Ligand for E3 Ligase
- Ligands for Target Protein for PROTAC
- LYTACs
- Molecular Glues
- PROTAC Linker
- PROTACs
- SNIPERs
- Target Protein Ligand-Linker Conjugate
- Carboxypeptidase
- Caspase
- Cysteine Protease
- DPP-4
- Gamma-secretase
- Glutaminase
- HCV Protease
- HIV Protease
- MMP
- Prolyl Endopeptidase (PREP)
- Protease
- Proteasome
- Serine Protease
- Thrombin
- Tyrosinase
- Casein Kinase
- Gamma-secretase
- GSK-3
- Hedgehog/Smoothened
- Hippo pathway
- JAK
- Porcupine
- ROCK
- Smo
- STAT
- Stemness kinase
- TGF-beta/Smad
- Wnt/beta-catenin
- YAP
- ACK
- ALK
- Bcr-Abl
- BTK
- c-Fms
- c-Kit
- c-Met/HGFR
- c-RET
- CSF-1R
- Discoidin Domain Receptor (DDR)
- DYRK
- EGFR
- Ephrin Receptor
- FAK
- FGFR
- FLT
- Hck
- HER
- IGF-1R
- PDGFR
- PKA
- PYK2
- ROS Kinase
- Src
- Syk
- TAM Receptor
- Tie-2
- Trk receptor
- Tyrosine Kinases
- VEGFR
- DUB
- E1/E2/E3 Enzyme
- p97
- Proteasome
- ADC Antibody
- ADC Cytotoxin
- ADC Linker
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
- Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC
- PROTAC-Linker Conjugates for PAC
- General Bioactive Libraries
- Approved / Repurposing
- Characteristic Bioactive Libraries
- Disease Focused
- Target / Pathway Focused
- Natural Product Derivatives Libraries
- Natural Product Library for HTS
- Characteristic Natural Product Libraries
- TCM Natural Product Library
- Activity-classified Natural Product Library
- Structure-classified Natural Product Library
- Characteristic Fragment Libraries
- General Fragment Libraries
- Compound Libraries for HTS/HCS
- Tumor
- Anti-infective
- Cardiovascular disease
- Development and reproduction
- Digestive disorders
- Inflammation and immunity
- Metabolic diseases
- Neurological disorders
- Other Fields
- Alangiaceae
- Aquifoliaceae
- Cephalotaxaceae
- Costaceae
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Dioscoreaceae
- Eucommiaceae
- Ginkgoaceae
- Hippocastanaceae
- Illiciaceae
- Lycopodiaceae
- Moringaceae
- Myricaceae
- Myristicaceae
- Nelumbonaceae
- Nothofagaceae
- Nyssaceae
- Orobanchaceae
- Paeoniaceae
- Piperaceae
- Podocarpaceae
- Pteridaceae
- Resedaceae
- Sapindaceae
- Schisandraceae
- Stemonaceae
- Theaceae
- Other
- Alkaloids
- Coumarins
- Flavonoids
- Lignans
- Others
- Phenols
- Phenylpropanoids
- Quinones
- Saccharides and Glycosides
- Steroids
- Terpenoids
- Hematologic Malignancies Target Proteins
- Solid Tumors Target Proteins
- B Cell CD Proteins
- Cell Activation CD Proteins
- Cell Adhesion CD Proteins
- Cytokine Receptor CD Proteins
- Endothelial Cell CD Proteins
- Myeloid Cell CD Proteins
- NK/Non-lineage Cell CD Proteins
- Other CD Proteins
- Platelet CD Proteins
- T Cell CD Proteins
- Cytokines
- Epidermal Growth Factor Family, EGFs
- Growth Factors
- Others
- Hydrolases,EC 3
- Isomerases,EC 5
- Ligases or Synthetases,EC 6
- Lyases,EC 4
- Oxidoreductases,EC 1
- Transferases,EC 2
- Translocases,EC 7
- Butyrophilins
- Co-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Proteins
- Co-stimulatory Immune Checkpoint Proteins
- Cell Adhesion Receptors
- Cytokines and Growth Factor Receptors
- Enzyme-Linked Receptors
- Fc Receptors
- G Protein-Coupled Receptors, GPCRs
- Ion Channel-Linked Receptors
- Nuclear Receptors
- Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Others
- Coronavirus (CoV) Proteins
- DENV Proteins
- EBOV Proteins
- HBV Proteins
- HCV Proteins
- HIV Proteins
- Influenza Proteins
- RSV Proteins
- Others
- Molecular Docking
- Virtual Screening
- Biomolecular Interaction
- Custom Synthesis
- AI-driven Ultra High-throughput Virtual Screening
- PDBbind+
- Molecular Binding & Interaction Assay
- GPCR Bioassay
- Pharmacokinetics (PK)
- Target Fishing
Filter
Applied FilterClear all
By Target By ResearchField- Immune System(1)
- Inflammation(1)
- Nervous System(1)
- Others(1)
Filter
Search Result
Results for "
lithium carbonate
" in TargetMol Product Catalog- Inhibitors & Agonists3
- Cell Research2
- Reference Standards1
- Research Areas1
Lithium carbonate
T8131554-13-2
Lithium carbonate is an effective drug against bipolar disorders.
- $82
Size
QTY
Lithium Carbonate (Standard)
TMSM-3578554-13-2
Lithium Carbonate (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Lithium Carbonate.
- $76
Size
QTY
MJ33-OH lithium
T120531135306-36-3
MJ33-OH lithium (carbonate 2,2',3,4,4',6-hexachlorobiphenyl) is a metabolite of MJ33.
- Inquiry Price
Size
QTY
Go to page 1
Page of 1
Generate Quote
Catalog No.: Cas No.:
Add
| Size | Quantity | Unit Price | Amount | Operation |
|---|
Generate Quote
Product Comparison
| Product |
|---|
| Bioactive |
| Species |
| Expression System |
| Tag |
| Accession Number |
| Amino Acid |
| Construction |
| Molecular Weight |
| Endotoxin |
| Formulation |
| Reconstitution |
| Stability & Storage |
| Shipping |
| Research Background |
| Size |
- TOP
Feedback
Hello! How can I help you today? 
Copyright © 2015-2026 TargetMol Chemicals Inc. All Rights Reserved.