kidney injury

Articaine hydrochloride (Hoe-045), a thiophene-containing local anesthetic, is pharmacologically similar to mepivacaine.

Matrine (Vegard), an alkaloid isolated from the Sophora genus, acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent with antitumor activity and is a classic DNA crosslinker. It inhibits DNA synthesis and induces DNA damage in cancer cells by forming DNA adducts, ultimately leading to cell death. In addition, Cisplatin can activate ferroptosis and induce autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to establish models of chronic kidney injury and acute renal failure.

Razuprotafib (AKB-9778) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase ß (HPTPß) inhibitor with an IC50 of 50 nM. It effectively activates Tie-2 and provides protection against acute kidney injury.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis in susceptible bacteria. It also alters cell membrane permeability and selectively inhibits RNA synthesis. Vancomycin is commonly used to treat severe infections resistant to other antibiotics and is frequently employed in experimental studies to induce kidney injury models.

APX-115 (Ewha-18278) (Ewha-18278) is a potent, orally active pan NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor (Kis: 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4). APX-115 effectively prevents kidney injury.

Folic acid is an orally active essential nutrient involved in the synthesis of DNA/RNA and the production and maintenance of new cells. It exhibits antidepressant-like effects and can reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. Folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, macrocytic anemia, neural tube closure defects, tumors, and aging-related diseases. Folic acid is also commonly used in research on folate deficiency-related conditions and to induce acute kidney injury models.

Adenine is a purine-derived nucleobase and one of the four bases of DNA. It is an important chemical component of both DNA and RNA, involved in cellular respiration, the formation of ATP and coenzymes NAD and FAD, as well as protein synthesis. Adenine is commonly used to induce chronic kidney injury models.

Irbesartan (SR-47436) is an Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blocker whose mechanism of action involves antagonizing the Angiotensin 2 Receptor.

5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (HD-003) is an antioxidant potentially for the treatment of renal failure. A creatinine metabolite, 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin , a hydroxyl radical scavenger, has previously been shown to confer renoprotection by inhibiting the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats. 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin is a novel anti-oxidant drug completely suppressed the expression of B2-kinin receptors (B2KR) in response to high glucose (25 mM) stimulation in VSMC and was also shown to attenuate the effects of BK on VSMC remodeling. 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin inhibited the BK-induced increase in MAPK phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein levels in VSMC. These findings suggest that 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin may confer vascular protection against high glucose concentrations and BK-stimulation to ameliorate vascular injury and remodeling through its anti-oxidant properties.

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, possessing mineralocorticoid activity and serving as a precursor to aldosterone. As an agonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor, DOCA can induce severe kidney damage, including inflammation, fibrosis, glomerular injury, and proteinuria. It is commonly used to establish animal models of chronic kidney injury and hypertension.

Adenine hydrochloride is a purine nucleobase and a chemical component of DNA and RNA. It is involved in cellular respiration, protein synthesis, and plays an important role in energy metabolism through high-energy molecules such as ATP, NAD, and FAD. It can be used to induce hyperuricemia and chronic kidney injury models.

Adenine hemisulfate is a purine-based nucleobase and an essential chemical component of DNA and RNA. It plays a key role in cellular respiration, the formation of ATP and coenzymes such as NAD and FAD, as well as in protein synthesis. It is commonly used to induce animal models of chronic liver and kidney injury and hyperuricemia.

Cysteamine hydrochloride is an orally administered small-molecule drug commonly used for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. It also functions as an antioxidant and is used in experimental studies to induce gastrointestinal disorders, duodenal ulcers, and kidney injury models in mice.

L-NAME hydrochloride is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with an IC₅₀ of 70 μM, and it can be used to induce hypertension and kidney injury models.

SIRT5 inhibitor 6 is a novel and potent Sirtuin 5 inhibitor with an IC50 = 310 nM for the treatment of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) that modulates protein succinylation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the kidney and attenuates renal dysfunction and pathologic injury.

SIRT5 inhibitor 7 (compound 58), a substrate-competitive and selective SIRT5 inhibitor with IC 50 = 310 nM, significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and pathological damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and cecum ligation/perforation (CLP)-induced septic AKI mice, and modulated proteinsuccinimidylation and proinflammatory cytokine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the kidneys of acute kidney injury (AKI) mice.

APX-115 free base (Ewha-18278 free base) is a potent, orally active pan NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor with inhibition constants (Kis) of 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4, respectively, and it effectively prevents kidney injury.

12-Ketodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid and kidney metabolite, serves as a detectable marker for kidney injury [1].

Ferroptosis-IN-12 (Cpd-A1) is an inhibitor of ferroptosis. It effectively suppresses ferroptosis in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells (mTECs) treated with Erastin and improves renal function in dose-dependent manners in mouse models of acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). This compound also reduces renal tubular damage and eliminates inflammation. Exhibiting good plasma stability and high distribution in renal tissues during pharmacokinetic studies in mice, Ferroptosis-IN-12 shows promising potential for research in the field of AKI.

Caramboxin, a neurotoxin, can induce acute kidney injury.

Saccharic acid (also known as glucaric acid) is a dicarboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of glucose, and it is an important intermediate in the study of sugar metabolism and carbohydrate oxidation. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of β-glucuronidase, preventing the hydrolysis of glucuronides that have already bound to toxins, thereby blocking the regeneration of toxic complexes.

Trehalase, Microorganism (EC 3.2.1.28), is an enzyme that effectively degrades trehalose in certain bacteria. It serves as a biomarker for acute kidney injury resulting from proximal tubule damage.