kidney injury

APX-115 (Ewha-18278) (Ewha-18278) is a potent, orally active pan NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor (Kis: 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4). APX-115 effectively prevents kidney injury.

Irbesartan (SR-47436) is an Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blocker whose mechanism of action involves antagonizing the Angiotensin 2 Receptor.

Articaine hydrochloride (Hoe-045), a thiophene-containing local anesthetic, is pharmacologically similar to mepivacaine.

5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (HD-003) is an antioxidant potentially for the treatment of renal failure. A creatinine metabolite, 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin , a hydroxyl radical scavenger, has previously been shown to confer renoprotection by inhibiting the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats. 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin is a novel anti-oxidant drug completely suppressed the expression of B2-kinin receptors (B2KR) in response to high glucose (25 mM) stimulation in VSMC and was also shown to attenuate the effects of BK on VSMC remodeling. 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin inhibited the BK-induced increase in MAPK phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein levels in VSMC. These findings suggest that 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin may confer vascular protection against high glucose concentrations and BK-stimulation to ameliorate vascular injury and remodeling through its anti-oxidant properties.

Matrine (Vegard), an alkaloid isolated from the Sophora genus, acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist.

SIRT5 inhibitor 6 is a novel and potent Sirtuin 5 inhibitor with an IC50 = 310 nM for the treatment of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) that modulates protein succinylation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the kidney and attenuates renal dysfunction and pathologic injury.

SIRT5 inhibitor 7 (compound 58), a substrate-competitive and selective SIRT5 inhibitor with IC 50 = 310 nM, significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and pathological damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and cecum ligation perforation (CLP)-induced septic AKI mice, and modulated proteinsuccinimidylation and proinflammatory cytokine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the kidneys of acute kidney injury (AKI) mice.

Cardamonin (Cardamomin) is a chalcone isolated from Alpiniae katsumadai. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. It can inhibit mTOR, NF-κB, Akt, STAT3, Wnt β-catenin and COX-2, inhibit the growth of breast cancer, and can be used to study acute kidney injury and chronic renal fibrosis.

APX-115 free base (Ewha-18278 free base) is a potent, orally active pan NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor with inhibition constants (Kis) of 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4, respectively, and it effectively prevents kidney injury.

12-Ketodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid and kidney metabolite, serves as a detectable marker for kidney injury [1].

Razuprotafib (AKB-9778) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase ß (HPTPß) inhibitor with an IC50 of 50 nM. It effectively activates Tie-2 and provides protection against acute kidney injury.

Ferroptosis-IN-12 (Cpd-A1) is an inhibitor of ferroptosis. It effectively suppresses ferroptosis in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells (mTECs) treated with Erastin and improves renal function in dose-dependent manners in mouse models of acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia reperfusion (I R) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). This compound also reduces renal tubular damage and eliminates inflammation. Exhibiting good plasma stability and high distribution in renal tissues during pharmacokinetic studies in mice, Ferroptosis-IN-12 shows promising potential for research in the field of AKI.

Caramboxin, a neurotoxin, can induce acute kidney injury.

Saccharic acid serves as a competitive inhibitor of β-glucuronidase. It significantly slows down the hydrolysis of l-ortho-hydroxyphenylazo-2-naph-thol glucuronide in frozen-thawed mouse kidney slices, yet it does not impact liver regeneration following injury or the growth of infant mice.

Trehalase, Microorganism (EC 3.2.1.28), is an enzyme that effectively degrades trehalose in certain bacteria. It serves as a biomarker for acute kidney injury resulting from proximal tubule damage.

Diethylene glycol (Diethylenglykol) is a nephrotoxic and neurotoxic compound that can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) when ingested in large amounts.

Djenkolic Acid (S,S'-Methylenebiscysteine) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid extracted from djenkol beans(Archidendron pauciflorum), which is native to Southeast Asia. It is an uncommon but important cause of acute kidney injury in human.

U-74389G is an antioxidant which prevents iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. It protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal heart, liver, and kidney models.[1],[2],[3],[4]

Diquat dibromide is a water-soluble herbicide that causes rapid and profound systemic toxicity.Diquat dibromide induces acute kidney injury with high lethality.3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde has been shown to be effective in the treatment of LPS-induced ALI.

Terevalefim (ANG-3777) is an hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mimetic. Terevalefim selectively activates the c-Met receptor.

AV123 (compound 12) is a non-cytotoxic RIPK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.12 μM. It blocks TNF-α-induced necroptosis with an EC50 of 1.7 μM, but not apoptotic cell death. AV123 can be used in the study of necrotic chronic conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain, heart, and kidney, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases [1].

ZLD2218, a potent inhibitor of BRD4 with an IC50 value of 107 nM, has been demonstrated to mitigate kidney injury and fibrosis through extensive studies.

PHD2 HDACs-IN-1 is a potent mixed inhibitor of PHD2 HDACs, acting on PHD2 (IC50: 1.15 μM), HDAC1 (IC50: 19.75 μM), HDAC2 (IC50: 26.60 μM), and HDAC16 (IC50: 15.98 μM). HDACs-IN-1 is a low toxicity nephroprotective agent suitable for studies of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).

AMY-101 acetate (Cp40 acetate) is a cyclic peptide, an inhibitor of C3 Complement and an immunomodulator used in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis, which significantly reduces inflammation and lowers MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels.AMY-101 acetate also have a palliative effect on covid -19-induced lung inflammation injury and SARS-COV-2-related acute kidney injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).