caspase-like

AKN-028 is an orally active and potent FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( IC 50 = 6 nM). AKN-028 causes dose-dependent inhibition of FLT3 autophosphorylation.

Ixazomib (MLN2238) , a second generation, boron-containing peptide proteasome inhibitor (PI), inhibits the chymotrypsin-like proteolytic (β5) site of the 20S proteasome (IC50 Ki: 3.4 0.93 nM, in cell-free assays), also inhibits the caspase-like (β1) and trypsin-like (β2) proteolytic sites (IC50: 31 3500 nM).

NLRP3-IN-9 (INF-4E) is an inhibitor of NLRP3 ATPase and caspase-1. NLRP3-IN-9 acts by irreversibly trapping thiol nucleophiles, which prevents both ATP- and nigericin-triggered pyroptosis of human THP-1 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.

PI-1840(IC50 = 27 nM)is a reversible and selective chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) inhibitor, with little proteasome proteolytic effects on trypsin-like (T-L) and postglutamyl-peptide-hydrolysis-like (PGPH-L).

1. Orientin (Luteolin-8-glucoside) may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. 2. Orientin protects vascular barrier integrity by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases. 3. Orientin has neuroprotection effect by the intracellular mediation of caspase activity; may alleviate cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in AD mice; can exert antidepressant-like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

VR23 is a potent proteasome inhibitor. Data shows IC50 =1 nM for trypsin-like proteasomes, IC50=50-100 nM for chymotrypsin-like proteasomes, and IC50=3 μM for caspase-like proteasomes.

ALPHA-PINENE ((-)-Alpha-Pinene) is a bicyclic monoterpene found in pine trees and other plants, including Cannabis with diverse biological activities [1]. It reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains with MIC values of 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17%, respectively [2]. It has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae with LC50 values ranging from 47 to 49 mg L.3 ALPHA-PINENE (100 μg ml) induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16 F10 melanoma cells [4]. In a B16 F10 mouse xenograft model, ALPHA-PINENE(100 ml of a 10 mg ml solution) reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules by approximately 7-fold. ALPHA-PINENE(8.6 mg L, aerosol) also increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze by approximately 2-fold in mice, indicating anxiolytic-like activity [5].

TCH-165 is a small molecule modulator of proteasome assembly, resulting in an increase in 20S levels. The increase in the level of free 20S corresponds to enhanced proteolysis of IDPs.

Ac-YVAD-CHO (L 709049) is a selective and potent tetrapeptide interleukin 1β-converting enzyme (ICE) and caspase-1 (ICE)-like protease inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits cancer cell growth, and inhibits the production of mature IL-lβ. Ac-YVAD-CHO attenuates quinolinic acid-induced p53 increase and apoptosis in rat striatum.

MAPK-IN-3 (Compound 4a) is an antiproliferative agent demonstrating significant inhibitory effects on KYSE 30, HCT 116, and HGC 27 cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.57 μM, 3.27 μM, and 2.28 μM, respectively. This compound arrests the cell cycle via a p53-dependent mechanism and induces apoptosis through a p53-independent pathway. It reduces the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, such as Cyclin D1 and Cyclin B1, while increasing pro-apoptotic proteins like cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-7, and cleaved caspase-9. MAPK-IN-3 also decreases anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, elevates ROS levels in KYSE 30 cells, and enhances the expression of ROS-related MAPK pathway members, including p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK.

Merbarone is a Type II DNA topoisomerase inhibitor. Merbarone inhibits the catalytic activity of human topoisomerase IIalpha by blocking DNA cleavage. Merbarone induces activation of caspase-activated DNase and excision of chromosomal DNA loops from the n

Kaempferitrin (Lespenephryl) has antidepressant-like effect related to the serotonergic system, principally 5-HT1A. Kaempferitrin exerts cytotoxic and antitumor effects against HeLa cells. Kaempferitrin stimulates glucose-metabolizing enzymes, promotes glucose homeostasis. Kaempferitrin exerts immunostimulatory effects on immune responses mediated by splenocytes, macrophages, PBMC and NK cells. Kaempferitrin induces cytotoxic effects to include: cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in a caspase-dependent pathway.

Ac-VDVAD-AFC, a caspase-specific fluorescent substrate, detects caspase-3-like and caspase-2 activities, making it valuable for tumor and cancer-related research.

Z-LLE-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate for the caspase-like post-glutamate peptide hydrolase of the 26S proteasome or 20S proteolytic core. Caspase-like activity can be quantified by fluorescent detection of free AMC (also known as 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin), which is excited at 340-360 nm and emits at 440-460 nm. Z-LLE-AMC is typically used in cell lysates after experimental treatment.

LL-37 is a cationic and α-helical antimicrobial peptide expressed in human bone marrow, testis, granulocytes, and gingival epithelium and is upregulated in psoriatic lesions. It inhibits growth of Gram-positive E. coli D21 and Gram-negative B. megatarium in a concentration-dependent manner and LL-37 expression is induced in A549 epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived macrophages following M. tuberculosis infection. LL-37 binds sheep erythrocytes coated with S. minnesota Re-LPS and induces agglutination with a minimal agglutinating concentration (MAC) of 12.1 μg/ml. It is a chemoattractant for, and can induce calcium mobilization in, human monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells that naturally express formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) and FPRL1-transfected HEK293 cells. LL-37 (10-15 μM) pretreatment of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) reduces its infectivity as well as levels of viral genomic RNA and NS1 antigen. In vivo, LL-37 inhibits cecal ligation and puncture-induced caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis of peritoneal macrophages, reduces levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and improves survival in polybacterial septic mice.

AKN-028 acetate, a novel tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor, is a potent, orally active FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6 nM. It inhibits FLT3 autophosphorylation and induces a dose-dependent cytotoxic response (mean IC50 = 1 μM). AKN-028 acetate also induces apoptosis by activation of caspase 3 and can be used in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) research [1].

20S Proteasome activator 1 is a 20S proteasome activator with IC50 values of 0.3 μM for trypsin-like sites, 0.7 μM for chymotrypsin-like sites, and 1.8 μM for caspase sites. It prevents the accumulation of pathogenic alpha-synuclein (A53T) mutants through translation in the cellular system, thereby reducing the probability of disease occurrence. 20S Proteasome activator 1 can be used to study neurodegenerative diseases.

Ac-Nle-Pro-Nle-Asp-AMC is a specific substrate for the 26S proteasome, utilized for analyzing the proteasome's caspase-like activity [1] [2] [3].

Amyloid 17-42 (Aβ(17-42)), a significant component of diffuse plaques in Alzheimer's disease and cerebellar pre-amyloid in Down's syndrome, results from alpha- and gamma-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and can trigger neuronal apoptosis via the Fas-like caspase-8 activation pathway [1].

JC2-11 is an inhibitory compound for inflammation.JC2-11 inhibits the recruitment domain-containing proteins NLRC 4, atypical in melanoma 2 (AIM 2) and atypical (NC) inflammatory vesicles by disrupting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-1 activity.JC2-11 reduces caspase-1 (p20) secretion, gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, IL-1β and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in inflammatory vesicles. JC2-11 reduced caspase-1 (p20) secretion, gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, IL-1β and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from inflammatory vesicles.

PAWI-2 functions as both a p53 activator and a Wnt inhibitor. It suppresses β3-KRAS signaling independently of KRAS and selectively inhibits the phosphorylation of TBK1. Additionally, PAWI-2 triggers apoptosis (activation of caspase-3 7) and induces PARP cleavage. It facilitates the translocation of retinoblastoma protein into the nucleus, leading to G2 M cell cycle arrest. PAWI-2 reverses the cancer stem cell-like properties of KRAS-dependent human pancreatic cancer stem cells (hPCSC) and overcomes drug resistance. Moreover, it inhibits the growth of hPCSC tumors in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model.

NL13, a Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor, exhibits an IC 50 value of 2.32 μM. It demonstrates the ability to suppress the viability of PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells with respective IC 50 values of 3.51 μM and 2.53 μM. NL13 also inhibits tumor growth in prostate cancer mice. Additionally, it deactivates the AKT signaling pathway by reducing CCNB1 CDK1 levels, leading to G2 M cell cycle arrest and initiating apoptosis through caspase-9 caspase-3 cleavage.

Ac-YVAD-FMK is a caspase-1-like protease inhibitor [1].

Agkistrodon halys batroxobin is a thrombin-like serine protease. It reduces the expression of Sirt1 and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in brain tissue. Additionally, this compound decreases cleaved caspase-3 expression in rats, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis (apoptosis).