c. glabrata

Isavuconazole (RO-0094815)(BAL-4815; RO-0094815) is the active component of the new azole antifungal agent BAL8557 with MIC(50)s MIC(90)s ranged from 0.002 0.004 mg liter for C. albicans to 0.25 0.5 mg liter for C. glabrata.

Rezafungin (SP-3025) is a broad-spectrum and long-lasting echinocandin with potent antifungal activity against Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis.

iKIX1 is an Pdr1-dependent gene activation. It re-sensitizes drug-resistant C. glabrata to azole antifungals in vitro and in animal models for disseminated and urinary tract C. glabrata infection.

Antiangiogenic agent 8 (Compound 3m) functions as both an antibacterial agent and an antiangiogenic compound. It shows minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16, 8, 4, 16, and 8 μg mL against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and C. glabrata, respectively, with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranging from 32 to 64 μg mL. This compound holds potential for applications in infection control and cardiovascular disease research.

Milbemycin A4 oxime, a derivative of milbemycin A4 and a component of milbemycin oxime, exhibits insecticidal and nematocidal activity. At 0.05 mg kg, it reduces microfilariae of the heartworm D. immitis in naturally infested dogs and inhibits the growth of C. glabrata clinical isolates with MIC80 values of 16 to >32 μg ml. At 2.5 μg ml, it blocks fluconazole efflux from C. glabrata clinical isolates (but not from strains lacking CgCDR1 and PDH1 efflux pumps) and reduces MICs of fluconazole and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in wild-type C. glabrata. Furthermore, it enhances adriamycin-induced inhibition of cell growth, increases intracellular accumulation of adriamycin and the P-glycoprotein substrate rhodamine 123 in adriamycin-resistant, but not adriamycin-sensitive, MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

Diallyl tetrasulfide is an organosulfur compound that has been found in A. sativum and has diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.[1],[2],[3],[4] It is active against the bacteria S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; MICs = 0.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively), as well as the fungi C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, A. niger, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus (MICs = 0.5, 4, 2, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L, respectively).[1] It reduces cadmium-induced increases in hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increases cadmium-induced decreases in the hepatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase, GST, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in rats when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.[2] Diallyl tetrasulfide is cytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 92 μM) and reduces tumor growth in a BGC-823 mouse xenograft model when administered at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg for 32 days.[3],[4]

Sordarin is an inhibitor of fungal protein synthesis originally isolated from S. araneosa.[1] It binds to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in the presence of ribosomes and inhibits the uncoupled GTPase activity of equimolar mixtures of EF-2 and ribosomes from C. albicans (IC50 = 0.1 μM). Sordarin inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free lysates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. neoformans (IC50s = 0.01, 0.2, and 0.06 μg/ml, respectively) but not in rabbit reticulocytes (IC50 = >100 μg/ml).[1] [2] It inhibits the growth of C. albicans (MIC = 8 μg/ml) but not C. glabrata or C. neoformans (MICs = >125 μg/ml).

Sphinganine is a synthetic bioactive sphingolipid that inhibits the growth of C. glabrata and C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 0.5 μg/ml for both. More commonly, sphinganine is used as an internal standard in the analysis of sphingoid compounds by chromatographic or spectrometric methods.

Anticandidal agent-1 (compound c2) is a potent, broad-spectrum anticandidal agent that inhibits biofilm formation by blocking hyphal elongation and filamentation, demonstrating activity against C. glabrata and C. albicans with MIC 50 values of 13.51 and 8.65 μg mL, respectively [1].

Antifungal agent 72 (Compound B8) demonstrates potent activity by inhibiting the efflux pump function and downregulating resistance-associated genes via disruption of the Pdr1-KIX interaction (K i : 11.7 μM). It exhibits efficacy against Fluconazole-resistant strains, evidenced by a MIC of 63 ng mL, and displays synergistic effects when combined with Fluconazole. This compound is particularly useful for researching C. glabrata infections [1].