24-methylenecycloartan-3-ol

24-Methylenecycloartan-3-ol and methyl caffeate show weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) provides cellular energy, participates in overall energy balance, and maintains intracellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule through interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a variety of processes including neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodeling.

Sterculic acid, a stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitor, effectively suppresses delta-9 desaturase (Δ9D) activity in a dose-dependent manner, exhibiting an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 0.9 μM [1].

1-Methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline (1-Methoxycarbonyl-beta-carboline) is an alkaloid from Ailanthus altissima.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

D-(-)-Arabinose is a reducing sugar useful as a substrate in analysis of arabinose isomerases and synthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in yeast. It shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM.

D-Galactose is a naturally occurring hexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. It can combine with glucose to form lactose and is commonly used to establish animal models of aging.

Benzyl benzoate (Benzoic acid benzyl ester) is one of the older preparations used for the therapy of scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei. Its symptoms are red spots, severe itching (particularly at night), and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is useful in the therapy of scabies because it is lethal to this mite. It is also used for the therapy of lice affection of the body and head. Benzyl benzoate is not the therapy of choice for scabies because of its irritant properties.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a monosaccharide, a natural glucose, a sweetener. D-Glucose is the main functional substance of living organisms, and is used as a nutrient in medicine, with diuretic, detoxification and cardiotonic effects.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA, and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.

Biotin (Vitamin H) is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

DL-Mevalonolactone, a human endogenous metabolite, is the δ-lactone form of mevalonate, a precursor of the mevalonate pathway. It reduces mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), Ca2+ retention and NAD(P)H levels in the brain, and also induces mitochondrial swelling.DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress, and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential.

L-Xylose (L-(-)-Xylose), a levo-isomer of Xylose, is classified as an aldopentose-type monosaccharide.

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) is a naturally occurring nucleotide derived from the dephosphorylation of ATP. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is essential for cellular metabolism and induces platelet aggregation.

4'-Methylacetophenone can be used as a fragrance material. It is wildly occurred in volatile compounds in food and in some natural complex substances.

Ethyl oleate, a fatty acid ester produced through the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol, serves as the liquid lipid component in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These NLCs represent a pioneering approach for the oral administration of trans-Ferulic acid (TFA), highlighting ethyl oleate's critical role in enabling effective drug delivery systems.

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Panaxoside Rg1) is a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins found exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng). It improves spatial learning and increase hippocampal synaptophysin level in mice, plus demonstrates estrogen-like activity.

Naringenin (NSC-11855) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA.

Phloracetophenone (1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone) has antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects, may be partly mediated by delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity.

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Crustecdysone (Hydroxyecdysone) is a steroid hormone that regulates the processes of molting or ecdysis in insects.

Alizarin (Mordant Red 11), a red dye derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus, inhibits P450 isoform CYP1A1( IC50 = 6.2 μM), CYP1A2 (IC50 =10.0 μM )and CYP1B1(IC50 = 2.7 μM).

Stigmasterol (Stigmasterin) is a phytosterol with major functions in the maintenance of cell membrane structure and physiology. Stigmasterol lowers cholesterol levels and has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects.