(e) 2 decenoic acid

Royal Jelly Acid (Queen Bee Acid) is a major fatty acid found in royal jelly that promotes neuronal growth and protection and reduces anxiety. Royal Jelly Acid induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells, improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMPK-α signaling pathway, and reduces bone loss by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway downstream of FFAR4. Royal Jelly Acid also exhibits inhibitory effects against various bacteria and fungi, including Aspergillus niger, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus. By targeting aspartyl β-hydroxylase and inhibiting chondrocyte senescence, Royal Jelly Acid exerts a preventive and therapeutic effect against osteoarthritis.

(E/Z)-10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid is a mixture of isomers of (E)-10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (Royal Jelly acid). (E/Z)-10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid is an unsaturated medium-chain fatty acid that exhibits antibacterial activity against bacteria such as S. aureus (MIC = 23 μM) and inhibitory activity against L-02 and IMR-90 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 44 μM and 22.68 μM, respectively.

(E)-2-Decenoic acid (trans-2-Decenoic acid) is an unsaturated fatty acid found in royal jelly produced from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular gland secretions of honeybees.