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Bumetanide (PF 1593) is a potent sulfamoylanthranilic acid derivative belonging to the class of loop diuretics. In the brain, bumetanide may prevent seizures in neonates by blocking the bumetanide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC1), thereby inhibiting chloride uptake thus, decreasing the internal chloride concentration in neurons and may block the excitatory effect of GABA in neonates.

Pramipexole (SND 919) is a selective dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease. Pramipexole therapy is associated with a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during treatment but has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

Pramipexole dihydrochloride hydrate (Mirapex) is the hydrochloride salt of pramipexole, a benzothiazole derivative. As a nonergot dopamine agonist, pramipexole binds to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra of the brain.

The quinuclidine PHA 568487 free base is an agonist of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that was designed to mitigate the bioactivation associated with the core scaffold and subsequently remove associated liabilities with in vivo tolerability.

Dihydrocapsaicin (CCRIS1589) is isolated from Capsicum fruit. Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Like capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin is an irritant. Capsaicin is found in natural hot pepper extracts along with a number of impurities, including dihydrocapsaicin and several lesser impurities. Separation by HPLC is required in order to obtain pure dihydrocapsaicin. Dihydrocapsaicin represents about 10% of the compound present in commercial preparations purporting to be pure capsaicin, but it has about the same pungency as capsaicin. VR1 (vanilloid receptor 1) is a heat activated calcium ion channel which functions as a part of the normal nociceptive pain pathway. Capsaicin elicits a sensation of burning pain by activation of VR1 on small, non-myelinated polymodal C-type nociceptive nerve fibers. The potency of dihydrocapsaicin at VR1 appears equivalent to capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic. Dihydrocapsaicin is an activator of VR1.

Piclozotan (anhydrous), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) model, ameliorating motor complications in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.

Pinokalant (LOE-908) is a novel non-selective cation channel inhibitor.Pinokalant significantly reduces cortical infarct volume in in vivo experiments, improves the metabolic and electrophysiological status of the ischemic penumbra region, and reduces the size of the lesion on magnetic resonance images in the acute phase after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.Pinokalant is a potential SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor for the study of stroke.

2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of the sedative hypnotic drug chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4). It activates a nonclassical potassium channel in cerebrovascular smooth muscle and dilates the middle cerebral artery [1]. [1]. Nikhil K Parelkar, et al. 2,2,2-trichloroethanol Activates a Nonclassical Potassium Channel in Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle and Dilates the Middle Cerebral Artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Mar;332(3):803-10.

EIDD-1931 (Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine) is a ribonucleoside analog with antiviral activity that inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] in Vero 76 cells, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV] in Calu-3 2B4 cells, and SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (IC50s = 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3 μM, respectively).

SMND-309, a metabolite of salvianolic acid B, exhibits neuroprotective effects in cultured neurons and in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.

CXM102 is an activator of autophagy. This compound induces autophagy in aged BMSCs, rejuvenating them and promoting their preferential differentiation into osteoblasts. CXM102 enhances the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and the formation of osteoblasts. In middle-aged male mice, it stimulates bone anabolic metabolism, reduces marrow adipocytes, delays bone loss, lowers serum inflammation levels, reduces organ fibrosis, and extends lifespan.

Neuroprotective agent 6 (Compound Y12) functions as an antioxidant and displays prominent neuroprotective effects in both oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) induced cell models and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) induced animal models. Additionally, this compound shows significant metal chelating activity towards Cu2+.

TREK inhibitor-3 (Cpd8l) is a selective inhibitor of TREK-1 that can cross the blood-brain barrier, with an IC50 of 0.81 μM. It offers neuroprotective effects by significantly reducing cortical neuron death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and alleviating brain injury in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model mice. TREK inhibitor-3 is utilized in ischemic stroke research.

AS-0017445 is an inhibitor targeting the main protease of the coronavirus and the virus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). It functions by inhibiting viral protein processing within host cells, thereby preventing viral replication.

BWA-522 middle-3 is an intermediate of BWA-522. BWA-522 is an orally active small molecule protein-targeting chimera (PROTAC) that significantly degrades both AR-FL and AR-V7.

P2Y1 antagonist 3 (compound 36b) is a P2Y1 antagonist capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), with an IC50 value of 0.50 μM. In a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, it demonstrates protective properties and exhibits neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 protein levels.

RIPK1-IN-33 is an orally active RIPK1 inhibitor with excellent blood-brain barrier permeability, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.115 μM. It demonstrates significant anti-ferroptosis activity, radical scavenging capability (IC50= 123.3 μM), and anti-lipid peroxidation effects (IC50= 9.72 μM). In transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) models, it significantly reduces cerebral infarct volume and improves neurological scores. RIPK1-IN-33 is suitable for ischemic stroke research.

TRPM2-IN-2 is a potent and selective TRPM2 inhibitor (IC50= 0.66 μM) with minimal activity against TRPM8 and TRPV1 (IC50> 10 μM). It demonstrates significant neuroprotective effects in both an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model and an in vivo transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. TRPM2-IN-2 can be used for research related to ischemic stroke.

RIPK1-IN-34 is a selective RIPK1 inhibitor capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier with an IC50 of 126.70 nM, showing minimal inhibition of RIPK3 (IC50 > 10,000 nM). It exerts significant neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) in the necroptosis pathway. RIPK1-IN-34 demonstrates neuroprotective effects in rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and is a candidate for research in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

RIPK1-IN-39 (compound 2) is a potent and selective inhibitor of RIPK1 with an IC50 of 69.40 nM, exhibiting over 100-fold selectivity for RIPK1 over RIPK3 (IC50= 6946 nM). It protects HT-22 and HT-29 cells from necroptosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL pathway. Additionally, RIPK1-IN-39 shows neuroprotective effects in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. This compound is applicable in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) research.

Idebenone-SS-20 (Idebenone-2S-FrFK-NH2) is a derivative of Idebenone conjugated with the mitochondrial-targeting peptide SS-20. It exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This compound maintains mitochondrial membrane potential, enhances ATP production, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, preserves mitochondrial morphology, and increases the NAD+/NADH ratio. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model, Idebenone-SS-20 demonstrates potent neuroprotective effects and can be utilized in studies related to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

NFI23 is a GluN2B-NMDAR inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.31 μM and a Ki of 5.98 nM. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and binds to the ifenprodil binding site of GluN2B-NMDAR, reducing NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It helps maintain mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibits neuronal apoptosis, and restores p-ERK1/2 expression. NFI23 demonstrates neuroprotective effects against NMDA-induced cytotoxicity and in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), making it useful for ischemic stroke research.

KUS121 is a valosin-containing protein modulator that inhibits VCP ATPase activity with an IC50 of 330 nM, suppresses tunicamycin-induced ATP depletion, cell death, and CHOP upregulation in HeLa cells, protects primary cortical neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation injury in vitro, reduces infarct volume and improves motor performance in mouse models of focal cerebral ischemia, and preserves retinal structure and visual function in rd10 retinitis pigmentosa models, supporting its investigation in neuroprotection and ischemic disease research.

L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride) is a fatty acid metabolite with antithrombotic properties that protects mice from ischemic stroke by counteracting intracerebral thrombosis in the tMCAO model.L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride) is a fatty acid metabolite with antithrombotic properties. Palmitoylcarnitine chloride inhibits the Na/K pump in the heart and inhibits FeCl 3-induced arterial thrombosis Attenuates intracerebral thrombosis and inflammation in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO).