glucose-regulated

YUM70 is a potent and selective inhibitor of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), with an IC50 of 1.5 μM for inhibiting GRP78 ATPase activity of the full-length protein. It induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer.

Grp94 Inhibitor-3 (Compound C6) is a selective inhibitor of glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), with an affinity of 5.52 μM. It shows potential for research in primary open-angle glaucoma and metastatic cancer.

KUNG94 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) (IC50 = 8 nM), the endoplasmic reticulum resident of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) family.

MitoPQ (MitoParaquat) is a mitochondria-targeted small molecule compound that selectively enhances mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels and inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and myotubes.MitoPQ can be used to MitoPQ can be used to study mitochondrial oxidative stress and regulated GLUT4 transporter.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to either a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy substituent. 12-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified at the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. 12-PAHSA is present at 2- to 3-fold higher levels in adipose tissue of AG4OX mice compared to wild type mice. Levels of 12-PAHSA are also higher in fasted wild-type mice compared to fed mice and are reduced upon high-fat diet-induced obesity in insulin-resistant mice.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. 9-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs are the most abundant forms of FAHFA in serum as well as white and brown adipose tissues of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress Glut4 specifically in adipose tissue. 9-PAHSA is the predominant isomer of PAHSA in wild type and AG4OX mice. It is found in humans and is reduced in the serum and adipose tissues of insulin-resistant humans. 9-PAHSA improves glucose tolerance, stimulates insulin secretion, and has anti-inflammatory effects in mice.

Sodium palmitate-13C is the 13C-labeled variant of palmitic acid, a long-chain saturated fatty acid prevalent in animals and plants. This compound has been shown to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-13C16 sodium, a 13C-labeled form of the naturally occurring saturated fatty acid Palmitic acid sodium, is prevalent in animals and plants. This compound can trigger the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

GNF2133 is an effective and selective inhibitor of DYRK1A with IC50s of 6.2 nM. GNF2133 can be used in studies about type 1 diabetes.

Palmitic acid-13C2 is the 13C-labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Avicularin (Fenicularin) has anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-tumor and other activities. It ameliorates human hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating the activities of NF-κB(p65), COX-2, and PPAR-γ. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, it exerts anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway.

Calcium palmitate, a long-chain saturated fatty acid prevalent in animals and plants, induces the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells. It is employed to establish a cell steatosis model [1] [2].

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-3-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, has palmitic acid at its sn-1 and sn-2 positions, and octanoic acid at the sn-3 position. Palmitic acid, a long-chain saturated fatty acid found in both animals and plants, can induce glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) expression in mouse granulosa cells. Octanoic acid, an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste, is utilized in ester production for perfumery, dye manufacturing, and also serves as a tremor-suppressing agent [1] [2] [3] [4].

4-Br-Bnlm, with an EC 50 of 0.96 µM, acts as a selective inhibitor of glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94). It effectively reduces both mutant and wild-type misfolded myocilin proteins in cells, thereby enhancing the clearance of toxic forms of myocilin and diminishing myocilin toxicity [1] [2].

Grp94 Inhibitor-2 (compound 23) is a cyclopropane analog that exhibits high affinity for Glucose Regulated Protein 94 (Grp94), with dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.48 µM for Grp94 and 0.65 µM for Hsp90α.