stages

Primaquine diphosphate is the phosphate salt form of primaquine, a synthetic, 8-aminoquinoline derivative with antimalarial properties. Although its mechanism of action is unclear, primaquine bind to and alter the properties of protozoal DNA. This agent eliminates tissue (exo-erythrocytic) malarial infection, preventing the development of the erythrocytic forms of the parasite which are responsible for relapses in Plasmodium vivax and ovale malaria. Primaquine is active against late hepatic stages (hypnozoites, schizonts).

Clazuril is a phenylacetonitrile derivative. It is a synthetic anticoccidial drug used in animals, especially poultry, to treat coccidiosis. It has a killing effect on the endogenous stages of Eimeria species of coccidia.

Cephalothin sodium (Cefalotin) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cephalothin sodium (Cefalotin) is the sodium salt form of cephalothin, a semisynthetic, beta-lactam, the first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

(CL227193) )binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. Piperacillin Sodium is the sodium salt of piperacillin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity.

Lumefantrine (dl-Benflumelol) is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with artemether for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and may be used to treat infections caused by P. falciparum and unidentified Plasmodium species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.

Nitroxynil (4-Hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile) is an anthelmintic compound that effectively targets parasites in both adult and immature stages. It is extensively employed in investigations pertaining to Fasciola hepatica infection.

Triton X-100 is a non-denaturing detergent that solubilizes lipid membranes. Triton X-100 is commonly used in laboratories and is applied to vaccines at different stages of the manufacturing process. Triton X-100 is listed as an excipient in certain vaccines including split virus influenza vaccines. Triton X-100 is a nonionic surfactant [1] [2].

Cefoperazone (Medocef) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. It can inhibit rMrp2-mediated [3H]E217βG uptake (IC50: 199 μM).

Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Pyrimorph inhibited different stages in the life cycle of P. capsici including mycelial growth, sporangium production, zoospore release, and cystospore germination with EC(50) values of 1.84, 0.17, 4.92, and 0.09 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Cyhalofop (Cyhalofop acid) is a recently registered herbicide in the Indian aryloxyphenoxypropionate group, which can control a variety of grass weeds at different growth stages of rice crops.

HDAC-IN-76 (compound 6i), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, demonstrates robust antimalarial activity, particularly against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium. The compound exhibits potent efficacy with IC 50 values of 30 nM and 98 nM against Pf3D7 (chloroquine drug-susceptible strain) and PfDd2 (chloroquine drug-resistant strain), respectively. Moreover, HDAC-IN-76 shows selective inhibition towards parasites, displaying IC 50 values of 7 nM and 9 nM against human HDAC1 and HDAC6, respectively, and effectively inhibits PfHDAC1.

NLRP3-IN-45 (D6) serves as an inhibitor specifically targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, demonstrated through its ability to curb the activity of IL-1β (IC 50 = 41.79 nM). It effectively prevents the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome while sparing the initial stages of its activation process. Furthermore, NLRP3-IN-45 has been shown to selectively inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model.

Compound 42 (Compound 2), an antimalarial agent, effectively inhibits Plasmodium falciparum during the asexual blood stages (IC 50 <0.5μM) and gametocytes (IC 50 is 0.14 μM).

ACT-451840 is capable of eliminating both sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and has the advantages of oral activity, potency, low toxicity, rapid onset of action in all asexual blood stages of Plasmodium, and a mechanism of action similar to that of artemisinin derivatives. In in vivo experiments, ACT-451840 showed excellent antimalarial effects at a dose of 30 mg kg, with a parasite reduction rate of 99.80%.

CHIKV-IN-5 (Compound 26) is an inhibitor of CHIKV with an EC90 value of 0.45 μM. It suppresses the replication of CHIKV in the later stages of the viral life cycle by blocking the translation of structural proteins. CHIKV-IN-5 demonstrates high stability in vitro within mouse microsomes. In infected mice, it alleviates footpad swelling and reduces the spread of the virus to other tissues.

EGFR BRAFV600E-IN-4 (Compound 10f) is a dual inhibitor of EGFR and BRAFV600E, with IC50 values of 61 nM and 43 nM, respectively. It halts the cell cycle, induces apoptosis in both early and late stages, and inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro, showing broad-spectrum anticancer activity.

CDA-IN-3 (NCDI) is a chitin deacetylase (CDA) inhibitor with antiparasitic properties. It disrupts chitin metabolism in nematodes, increasing ROS levels within these organisms and causing cellular damage. CDA-IN-3 significantly inhibits all developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans and can be utilized in research focused on anti-infective applications.

Cyclanilide is a plant growth regulator. It is used in cotton at different stages of growth.

HIVCapsid-IN-2 (Compound IC-2b4) is a potent inhibitor of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA). It effectively inhibits both HIV-1, with an EC50 of 0.08 μM, and HIV-2. HIVCapsid-IN-2 operates by directly stabilizing the binding to HIV-1 CA, exerting its inhibitory effects in both early and late stages of infection.

Luxabendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent. It has proved to be effective against immature and adult stages of the major gastrointestinal nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes.

IgG has four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral

Mirincamycin HCl is a close analog of the drug clindamycin used for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum blood stages.

Ganaplacide is an antimalarials with activity against asexual and sexual blood stages and the preerythrocytic liver stages of malarial parasites. KAF156 showed antimalarial activity without evident safety concerns in a small number of adults with uncompli

Tebuquine is an antimalarial agent. Tebuquine is active against P. falciparum in vitro. Tebuquine in vitro shows a chloroquine-like effect, but not in vivo, suggesting that its mode of action in vivo is different from that of chloroquine. Tebuquine has no