signal-regulating

TC ASK 10 is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)(IC50 of 14 nM).

NQDI-1 (NQDI 1) is a selective inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1, MAP3K5) (IC50 Ki: 3 μM 500 nM).

Selonsertib (GS-4997) is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), with potential anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and anti-fibrotic activities.

Guanosine triphosphate tritris (GTP tritris) serves as a crucial enhancer in myocyte differentiation, playing an essential role in regulating miRNA-muscle regulatory factors. It promotes the release of exosomes rich in guanine and guanine-derived molecules, and is considered an activation precursor for RNA synthesis. In mitochondrial functionality, GTP is involved in the entry of proteins into the matrix, which is vital for various regulatory pathways. It initiates peptide synthesis by facilitating the binding of formylmethionine-tRNA to the ribosome, and aids in polypeptide chain elongation. Additionally, GTP acts as a carrier for phosphates and pyrophosphates, channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. It activates signal transduction G proteins, regulates cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation, and its hydrolysis by small GTPases (including Ras and Rho) is indispensable for both proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, the small GTPase Rab assists in vesicle docking, fusion, and formation. Beyond signal transduction, GTP is also an energy-rich precursor in the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA enzymes.

Quorum sensing is a regulatory process used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density.[1] This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production.[2] Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group) and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family.[3] C16:1-Δ9-(L)-HSL is a long-chain AHL that functions as a quorum sensing signaling molecule in strains of S. meliloti.[4],[5],[6],[7] Regulating bacterial quorum sensing signaling can be used to inhibit pathogenesis and thus, represents a new approach to antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases.[8] Reference：[1]. González, J.E., and Keshavan, N.D. Messing with bacterial quorum sensing. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70(4), 859-875 (2006).[2]. Gould, T.A., Herman, J., Krank, J., et al. Specificity of acyl-homoserine lactone syntheses examined by mass spectrometry. J. Bacteriol. 188(2), 773-783 (2006).[3]. Penalver, C.G.N., Morin, D., Cantet, F., et al. Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 produces a novel type of acyl-homoserine lactone with a double unsaturated side chain under methylotrophic growth conditions. FEBS Lett. 580(2), 561-567 (2006).[4]. Teplitski, M., Eberhard, A., Gronquist, M.R., et al. Chemical identification of N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti strains in defined medium. Archives of Microbiology 180, 494-497 (2003).[5]. Gao, M., Chen, H., Eberhard, A., et al. sinI- and expR-dependent quorum sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 187(23), 7931-7944 (2005).[6]. Marketon, M.M., Glenn, S.A., Eberhard, A., et al. Quorum sensing controls exopolysaccharide production in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 185(1), 325-331 (2003).[7]. Marketon, M., Gronquist, M.R., Eberhard, A., et al. Characterization of the Sinorhizobium meliloti sinR/sinI locus and the production of novel N-Acyl homoserine lactones. Journal of Bacteriology 184(20), 5686-5695 (2002).[8]. Cegelski, L., Marshall, G.R., Eldridge, G.R., et al. The biology and future prospects of antivirulence therapies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6(1), 17-27 (2008).

Quorum sensing is a regulatory process used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group) and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family. C18:1-δ9 cis-(L)-HSL is a long-chain AHL that may have antimicrobial activity and thus, might be used to inhibit pathogenesis by regulating bacerial quorum sensing signaling.

Quorum sensing is a regulatory process used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group) and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family. C14:1-δ9-cis-(L)-HSL is a long-chain AHL that functions as a signaling molecule in the quorum sensing of A. vitis. Regulating bacterial quorum sensing signaling can be used to inhibit pathogenesis and thus, represents a new approach to antimicrobial therpy in the treatment of infectious diseases.

N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) are a class of autoinducers used in bacterial quorum sensing to control gene expression in response to cell density. These molecules, comprising a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL), vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds, determining signal specificity through LuxR family transcriptional regulators. C11-HSL, with its rare odd-numbered acyl carbon chain, may act as a minor quorum-sensing signaling molecule in P. aeruginosa strains. Regulating bacterial quorum sensing can inhibit pathogenesis and represents a novel antimicrobial therapy approach for infectious diseases.

GS-444217 is a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1, IC50: 2.87 nM).

TRK-IN-16 (WO2012034091A1, compound X-21) is a highly effective TRK inhibitor, targeting protein kinases that are integral to regulating cell growth, differentiation, and various cellular signal transduction processes. This compound shows great potential for research in TRK-related diseases [1].

BPyO-34 is a novel apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.52μM in vitro in kinase assay.

1. Praeruptorin C has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases. 2. Praeruptorin C partially protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family. 3.

Selonsertib, also known as GS-4997, is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), with potential anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and anti-fibrotic activities. GS-4997 targets and binds to the catalytic kinase domain of ASK1 in an ATP-competitive manner, thereby preventing its phosphorylation and activation. GS-4997 prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines, down-regulates the expression of genes involved in fibrosis, suppresses excessive apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation.

Cis-11-Methyl-2-dodecenoic acid functions as a quorum sensing (QS) signal and a diffusion signaling factor (DSF) within extracellular microbial and fungal communication systems. It plays a pivotal role in regulating virulence and biofilm formation among diverse bacterial pathogens [1].

JT21-25 (compound 9h) acts as a potent, selective inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), exhibiting an IC50 value of 5.1 nM [1].

ASK1-IN-6 (Compound 32), a selective apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 25 nM. This compound readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, as evidenced by rat pharmacokinetics showing a clearance unchanged clearance rate of 1.6 56 L h kg and an unbound partition coefficient (Kp,uu) of 0.46. Additionally, ASK1-IN-6 demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity and effectively improves symptoms in the Alzheimer's Disease Tg4510 mouse model.

ASK1-IN-2 is a potent, orally active inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), with an IC50 of 32.8 nM. It has potential therapeutic applications for ulcerative colitis[1].

ASK1-IN-1 is an inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 which is a key mediator in the apoptotic and inflammatory cellular stress response with an IC50 of 21 nM in biochemica assays.

1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol-5'-phosphate) ammonium functions as a membrane-associated signaling molecule that plays a role in regulating membrane transport and signal transduction within cells. It is utilized in the preparation of liposomes to enhance compound delivery efficiency. Additionally, this compound acts as a coordinator of the actin cytoskeleton, contributing to the regulation of cell morphology and movement.

1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol-3',4',5'-trisphosphate) ammonium is a membrane-associated signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in cell physiology. It is involved in regulating cell growth, metabolism, proliferation, and survival, and participates in various signal transduction pathways, significantly influencing intracellular signal transmission.

Neoechinulin A has anti-inflammatory effect against LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages through inhibition of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways, it may block the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) molecule p38, apoptosis signal-regu

Recombinant Humanized Type XVII Collagen is a transmembrane protein that forms hemidesmosomes. It facilitates interactions between stem cells, surrounding cells, and the extracellular matrix, thereby regulating skin homeostasis, aging, and wound healing. Additionally, Recombinant Humanized Type XVII Collagen has distinct cell adhesion sites and signal transduction capabilities, which can modulate cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation.

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium (16:0-18:1 PA) is a phospholipid that plays a role in regulating biomembrane fluidity and cell signal transduction. It is utilized in studies investigating its impact on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase activity in chloroplast membranes. Additionally, this compound is crucial for maintaining the integrity and functionality of cell membranes.