mycotoxin

Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. of the single trichothecene family and is commonly found in contaminated food and feed.Deoxynivalenol crosses the intestinal mucosa via a cellular bypass at the tight junctions.Deoxynivalenol transporters are unaffected by inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (PgP) or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). Deoxynivalenol commonly causes diarrhea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal inflammation in humans and animals.

Fusarochromanone (FC-101) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium marcescens with potent antiangiogenic, anticancer and antimalarial activities. Fusarochromanone induces cell death in COS7 and HEK293 cells through activation of the JNK pathway.

Citrinin is a mycotoxin that causes contamination in the food and is associated with different toxic effects. Citrinin also possesses a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including antifungal, antibacterial, and potential anticancer and neuroprotective effe

Paxilline is an indole alkaloid mycotoxin from *Penicillium paxilli*, acting as a potent BK channel inhibitor via an almost exclusively closed-channel block mechanism. Paxilline possesses significant anticonvulsant activity.

Phomopsin A, a cyclic hexapeptide mycotoxin, is isolated from the fungus Phomopsis leptostomiformis.

Ochratoxin B is produced by a variety of Aspergillus and Penicillium species and is an analog of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A, which can contaminate agricultural products.

T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is a fungal secondary metabolite produced by various Fusarium species in feed and grains, which is highly toxic to reproduction and induces a variety of cardiovascular toxicities.T-2 Toxin is an inhibitor of peptidyl transferase (60s ribosomal subunit) binding and protein synthesis. T-2 Toxin is an inhibitor of peptidyl transferase (60s ribosomal subunit) binding and protein synthesis, induces TM4 cell dysfunction via ROS-induced apoptosis, inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, and increases hepatic lipid peroxidation levels.

Zearalenone is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that colonizes various grains.

3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol acetylated derivative and a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable mycotoxin.

Aflatoxin (Aflatoxin R0) is a mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that is derived from aflatoxin B1 through metabolic processes facilitated by Rhizopus spp.

Aflatoxin G2 is a major naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by the fungi [Aspergillus flavus] and [Aspergillus parasiticus].

Aflatoxin M1, a significant metabolite of Aflatoxin B1, is a mycotoxin synthesized by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi. Toxicity levels of Aflatoxins follow the order: Aflatoxin B1 > Aflatoxin M1 > Aflatoxin G1 > Aflatoxin B2 > Aflatoxin M2 > Aflatoxin G2.

Aflatoxin M2 is a major metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 and is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.

Altertoxin I (Dihydroalterperylenol) is a quinone-type mycotoxin produced by the fungi Alternaria alternata. It exhibits mutagenic and cytotoxic properties and can mildly disrupt metabolic communication.

β-Zearalenol, a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin synthesized by Fusarium species, potentially influences transcription and affects gene expression on the translational level.

Curvularin ((S)-Curvularin) is a quorum-sensing antagonist of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlR extractable from Curvularia lunata, a mycotoxin with anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of cytokine-induced NO synthase, and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in antimyelocytes. study inflammation.

Enniatin A, a Fusarium mycotoxin, inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with an IC50 of 22 μM in rat liver microsome enzyme assays.

Enniatins B decreases the activation of ERK (p44 p42). Enniatin B is a Fusarium mycotoxin. Enniatin B inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity with an IC50 of 113 μM in an enzyme assay using rat liver microsomes.

Enniatin B1, a Fusarium mycotoxin, crosses the blood-brain barrier, decreases the activation of ERK (p44 p42), and inhibits moderately TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, it inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity, exhibiting an IC50 of 73 μM in rat liver microsome enzyme assays.

Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 is the backbone and the main hydrolysis product of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), can weakly inhibit ceramide synthase.

Moniliformin sodium salt is water-soluble mycotoxin isolate from Fusarium moniliforme.

Penicillic acid, a polyketide mycotoxin, synthesized by various species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, acts as an inhibitor of Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by impeding self-processing of caspase-8. Additionally, in vitro studies have shown that Penicillic acid displays cytotoxic properties in rat alveolar macrophages.

Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin synthesized by Alternaria species, displays numerous therapeutic and biological effects, including phytotoxic, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. It functions by inhibiting the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I and II enzymes.

Beauvericin, a Fusarium mycotoxin, inhibits acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in rat liver microsomal enzyme assays with an IC50 value of 3 μM.