reactive oxygen species

Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an N-acetyl derivative of cysteine, a ROS inhibitor and mucolytic agent. Acetylcysteine induces apoptosis, can be used to reduce mucus thickness, and has anti-influenza viral activity.

Citronellol ((±)-β-Citronellol) is used in insect repellents and perfumes and as a mite attractant.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Fusarochromanone (FC-101) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium marcescens with potent antiangiogenic, anticancer and antimalarial activities. Fusarochromanone induces cell death in COS7 and HEK293 cells through activation of the JNK pathway.

Antroquinonol is a ubiquinone derivative from Antrodia camphorata with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.Antroquinonol reduces oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation and sclerosis in mice with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis through enhancement of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Antroquinonol has potential for use in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Antroquinonol has potential for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and may be used in colon cancer research.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is a natural product. Glucosamine is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine has pharmacological effects on cartilage and chondrocytes in osteoarthritis when used externally. Glucosamine regulates sugar metabolism. Glucosamine reduces the activity of glucoskinase in pancreatic islet homogenate.

Berberine chloride (Natural Yellow 18) is an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae and also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic to parenterally but has been used orally for various fungal and parasitic infections and an anti-diarrheal.

Ellagic acid (Gallogen), a thickened tetracyclic natural product, is a potent CK2 inhibitor (IC50=40 nM; Ki=20 nM) with ATP-competitive properties. Ellagic acid is an antioxidant and also possesses antiproliferative activity.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an Nrf2 activator with oral activity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Dimethyl fumarate has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities and has been used in the study of multiple sclerosis.

Gallic acid (Benzoic acid) is found in almost all plants. Plants known for their high gallic acid content include gallnuts,grapes,tea,hops and oak bark.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone (Gluconolactone) is a naturally occurring food additive used as a sequestrant, acidifier, curing agent, pickling agent, or leavening agent. It is a cyclic ester of D-gluconic acid and appears as a white, odorless crystalline powder.

Hesperidin (Cirantin) is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering activity.

2-Aminoethanethiol (Cysteamine) is a Cystine Depleting Agent. The mechanism of action of cysteamine is as a Cystine Disulfide Reduction.

Glutathione oxidized (L(-) -glutathione) is the oxidized form of Glutathione, which is a major antioxidant and antidote in cells. Glutathione oxidized can be used to study sickle cells and red blood cells.

Eugenol (Allylguaiacol) is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of eugenol is by means of Increased Histamine Release and Cell-mediated Immunity.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

α-Vitamin E (Dexrabeprazole Sodium) is a naturally-occurring form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties.

Silibinin (Silybin) is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate, a lipophilic flavin derivative, possesses antioxidative and lipid peroxide-removing activities.

L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium (Sodium ascorbyl phosphate) is utilized in biocatalytic dephosphorylation for electric power generation and electrochemical detection assays.

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is an orally bioavailable estradiol metabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits angiogenesis by reducing endothelial cell proliferation and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits tumor cell growth by binding to tubulin, resulting in antimitotic activity, and by inducing caspase activation, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis.