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L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory transmitter, shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

glycine (2-Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor.

6-Hydroxykynurenic acid (6-HKA), a kynurenic acid (KYNA) derivative isolated from Ginkgo leaves, functions as a low-affinity NMDAR antagonist with an IC50 of 59 μM [1].

Ampullosporin A is a peptaibol-type polypeptide isolated from the fungus Sepedonium ampullosporum (HKI-0053), exhibiting neuromodulatory activity. It inhibits hyperactivity induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and ameliorates social behavior abnormalities caused by subchronic ketamine treatment. Ampullosporin A modulates glutamate receptor activity without affecting dopamine D1 and D2 receptors.

(S)-Willardiine (L-willardiine) is present in the seeds of Acacia and Mimosa. (S)-Willardiine is an AMPA kainate receptor agonist (EC50 = 44.8 μM).

D-Cycloserine (RO-1-9213) is a broad spectrum antibiotic used as a second line agent for treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis, always in combination with other antituberculosis agents.

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid is an amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptor subtype of glutamate receptors.

Decanoic Acid (Caprynic acid) acts as a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist synthesized from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway.

(-)-Aspartic acid (L-Homoproline) is an endogenous amino acid existing in invertebrates and vertebrates. It can regulate testosterone synthesis and is an agonist of NMDA receptor.

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

1. Linalool (Linalol), a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. 2. Linalool was protected against LPS GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition. 3. Linalool biosynthesis and accumulation might be involved in plant defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens and be associated with field resistance to citrus canker. 4. Linalool significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf-2 and diminished lung tissue levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.

(-)-Huperzine A (HupA) , an active Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Transcrocetin (8,8'-Diapocarotenedioic Acid) is a singlet oxygen quencher.

Transcrocetinate disodium (Disodium trans-crocetinate), extracted from saffron (Crocus sativus L.), is a high-affinity antagonist of NMDA receptor.

24(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol (24S-OHC) is the terminal product of the cholesterol elimination pathway in neural tissues. It is an LXR agonist and a selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs. It can serve as a biomarker for NPD, induce cognitive decline in mice, and is useful for studying neurological diseases.