gap junction.

Danegaptide Hydrochloride (GAP-134 (Hydrochloride)) (GAP-134 Hydrochloride) is a selective modifier of the gap junction protein.

Tonabersat (SB-220453) is a novel and orally available gap-junction modulator and CSD (Cortical spreading depression) inhibitor that regulates cellular communication between trigeminal ganglion neuronal cells and glial cells and inhibits neurogenic inflammation for the treatment of migraine and epilepsy.

Carbenoxolone disodium (Duogastrone) salt is an agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise, the drug is low in toxicity.

Gap 26 is a mimetic peptide corresponding to the residues 63-75 of connexin 43, which is a gap junction blocker.

Carbenoxolone (Biogastrone) is an inhibitor of 11β-HSD and gap junction connexin channels. Carbenoxolone inhibits macrophage migration into atria and prevents the development of fatty liver disease.

Gap 27 is a peptide(Ser-Arg-Pro-Thr-Glu-Lys-Thr-Ile-Phe-Ile-Ile) derived from connexin 43 that is a selective gap junction blocker.

TAT-Gap19 acetate is a specific inhibitor of connexin43 hemichannel (Cx43 HC). TAT-Gap19 acetate traverses the blood-brain barrier and alleviates liver fibrosis in mice. TAT-Gap19 acetate does not inhibit the corresponding Cx43 GJCs.

Meclofenamic acid sodium (Movens), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, has properties of antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Carvedilol phosphate hemihydrate (BM 14190 phosphate hemihydrate) is the phosphate salt form of carvedilol, a racemic mixture and adrenergic blocking agent with antihypertensive activity and no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

Meclofenamic acid (Meclofenamate) is a non-selective gap-junction blocker and a selective inhibitor of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) enzyme, with notable anti-inflammatory activities.

Larazotide acetate is a synthetic peptide. It functions as a tight junction regulator and reverses leaky junctions to their normally closed state.

Rotigaptide is a novel and specific modulator of Cx43 and is a potent AAP. Rotigaptide prevents the uncoupling of Cx43-mediated gap junction communication and normalizes cell-to-cell communication during acute metabolic stress.

Rotigaptide TFA(355151-12-1 free base) is a novel and specific modulator of Cx43 and is a potent AAP. Rotigaptide TFA(355151-12-1 free base) prevents the uncoupling of Cx43-mediated gap junction communication and normalizes cell-to-cell communication during acute metabolic stress.

Danegaptide (GAP-134), has been identified as a potent and selective second generation gap junction modifier with oral bioavailability.a small modified dipeptide.

PQ1, as an enhancer of gap junction in SW480 human colorectal cancer cells can act by restoring GJIC and increasing connexin expression in breast cancer cell lines while not affecting normal mammary cells.

PQ1 Succinate, a gap junction enhancer, acts by restoring GJIC and increasing connexin expression in breast cancer cell lines while not affecting normal mammary cells.

Carotenoid mixture is a mixture of carotenoids that contains the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory carotenoid capsanthin and the antioxidative vitamin A precursor β-carotene , as well as additional carotenoids and carotenoid esters.1,2,3,4 1.Kim, J.S., Lee, W.M., Rhee, H.C., et al.Red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and its main carotenoids, capsanthin and β-carotene, prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communicationChem. Biol. Interact.254146-155(2016) 2.Narisawa, T., Fukaura, Y., Hasebe, M., et al.Prevention of N-methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by oxygenated carotenoid capsanthin and capsanthin-rich paprika juiceProc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.224(2)116-122(2000) 3.Horie, S., Okuda, C., T., Y., et al.Purified canola lutein selectively inhibits specific isoforms of mammalian DNA polymerases and reduces inflammatory responseLipids45(8)713-721(2010) 4.Negishi, H., Ueda, Y., and Azuma, M.Antioxidant fat-soluble vitamins and lipid peroxides in serumJ. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.26227-234(1999)

Gap 26 TFA, a gap junction blocker, is a connexin mimetic peptide derived from the amino acid sequence 63-75 in the first extracellular loop of connexin 43, featuring the SHVR amino acid motif [1].

TAT-Gap19 TFA, a Cx mimetic peptide and specific connexin43 hemichannel (Cx43 HC) inhibitor, does not inhibit corresponding Cx43 gap junction channels (GJCs). It crosses the blood-brain barrier and has shown efficacy in alleviating liver fibrosis in mice [1] [2] [3].

Peptide5 TFA, a connexin 43 mimetic peptide, mitigates swelling, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell death in animal models of spinal cord injury, and suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome, functioning as an anti-inflammatory agent (1) (2) (3).

Zymosan A, a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast), is a TLR2 agonist that promotes regeneration of ISCs from intestinal stem cells after radiation injury by up-regulating ASCL2 through the TLR2 signaling pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway.Zymosan A stimulates immune responses and induces inflammation , anorexia and elevated body temperature, and also inhibits the gap junction protein connexin 43 in human corneal fibroblasts and causes corneal stromal damage.

Connexin mimetic peptide 40GAP27, corresponding to the GAP27 domain of the second extracellular loop of the dominant vascular connexin (Cx40), designated as 40Gap27, is a biologically active peptide utilized to study the pathways by which oxidant stress hinders gap junction communication. Administered 40Gap27 attenuates endothelium-dependent subintimal smooth muscle hyperpolarization.

Connexin mimetic peptide 40,37GAP26, a biologically active peptide, matches the GAP26 domain of the extracellular loop of major vascular connexins Cx37 and Cx40, referred to as 37,40Gap26 based on Cx homology. It has been utilized to examine gap junctions' involvement in propagating endothelial hyperpolarizations induced by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in the rodent iliac artery wall. Abundant gap junction plaques comprising Cx37 and Cx40 are present in the endothelium, and the peptide exerts inhibitory actions on subintimal hyperpolarization.

Anandamide (AEA), an endogenous cannabinoid, interacts with both central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors. Its effects are concluded through the cellular uptake and enzymatic breakdown of its amide bond by fatty acid amide hydrolase. Arachidonoyl-N-methyl amide, an analog of anandamide, specifically targets the human CB1 receptor, displaying a binding affinity with a Ki of 60 nM. It completely inhibits rat glial gap junction intercellular communication at a concentration of 50 µM.