cytoprotective

O-PHOSPHO-L-SERINE is an ester of serine and phosphate, which are normal metabolites in human biofluids.O-phospho-L-serine is a phagocytosis inhibitor that inhibits glial cell proliferation and cone cell regeneration after photodamage.

Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in fat emulsification, possessing notable biological and immunomodulatory activities. It can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression and protect cholangiocytes from TNF-α-induced damage via a PI3K-mediated pathway, and is commonly used to induce pancreatitis models.

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) is a naturally occurring secondary bile acid with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors,

D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate), also known as Fosfructose, is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate. It functions by promoting anaerobic glycolysis, which generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under ischemic conditions. This compound holds potential for research in cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia, and asthma.

1-Octacosanol (Octanosol) is a straight-chain aliphatic 28-carbon primary fatty alcohol that is used as a nutritional supplement. It is reported to possess cholesterol-lowering effects, antiaggregatory properties, cytoprotective use, and ergogenic properties.

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Phenylethyl Caffeate) (CAPE) inhibits the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B and may suppress p70S6K and Akt-driven signaling pathways, with antineoplastic, cytoprotective and immunomodulating activities. CAPE is the phenethyl alcohol ester of caffeic acid and a bioactive component of honeybee hive propolis. In addition, CAPE inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and subsequent induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).

Esafosfan trisodium (FDP trisodium) is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate for the potential treatment of sickle cell anemia, cardiovascular ischemia and asthma. It acts by stimulating anaerobic glycolysis which generates adenosine triphosphate under ischemic conditions.

Bacoside A has a possible anticancer activity that could be inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through Notch pathway in GBM in vitro. It exerts cytoprotective efficacy by attenuation of ROS generated through oxidative stress by an increase in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and sustain membrane integrity which leads to restoring the damage caused by tBHP. Bacoside A can able to inhibit the progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) may be by the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine evolved during active EAE. Bacoside A also has vasorelaxation.

3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, used as a food additive to enhance the flavor of meat and meat products at 2-5 ppm, demonstrated gastric cytoprotective activity when administered orally to male Wistar rats.

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid tricyclohexylammonium salt (PEP 3 CHA) is a functional carbohydrate metabolite with cytoprotective and anti-oxidative activity. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid tricyclohexylammonium salt is able to penetrate the cell membrane.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (LGM2605) was cytoprotective in an in vitro model of iron overload-induced redox-inflammatory damage. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (25 mg/kg b.w.) exerts the antihyperglycemic effect by preventing the liver from peroxidation damage through inhibition of ROS level mediated increased level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.

Gaultherin has analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities.Gaultherin lacks gastric ulcerogenic effect, because of it released salicylate in intestine slowly, not in stomach and it left the cyclooxygenase-1 unaffected, which was the source of cytoprotecti

Boldine (1,10-Dimethoxy-2,9-dihydroxyaporphine) is a natual product .Boldine displays anti-cancer, cytoprotective , anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Hispidin is a polyphenol originally, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties

Pedaliin 6''-acetate (compound 10), a natural product from Dracocephalum tanguticum, demonstrates antioxidative properties and cytoprotective effects against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, with an EC50 of 19.1 μM [1].

4-epi-Withaferin A (compound 28), an analogue of Withaferin A, exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity and cytoprotective heat-shock-inducing activity (HSA), showing promise for investigating protein aggregation-associated diseases by stimulating cellular defense mechanisms [1].

Kukoamine A possesses anticancer, cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it also has neuroprotective effects through inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis after whole-brain irradiation (WBI) in rats.

3beta-Methoxy-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A has cytoprotective activity, it protects normal cells against stress.

Alcesefoliside has statistically significant cytoprotective activity similar to that of silymarin, tested at 60 ug/mL.

Atranorin shows significant antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities, it has a relevant redox-active action, acting as a pro-oxidant or antioxidant agent depending on the radical, also, it will exert cytoprotective effects on cells under oxidative

Dihydroconiferyl alcohol is a natural lignan that promotes the growth of soybean healing tissues and exhibits cytoprotective activity with antioxidant effects in MCF-7 cells cultured under H2O2 stress.

Ganodermanondiol exhibits potent cytoprotective effects on t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity in human liver-derived HepG2 cells, presumably through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and AMPK.

Gossypetin, a hexahydroxylated flavonoid extractable from Rhodiola rosea Linn. is a potent MKK3 and MKK6 inhibitor that strongly attenuates the MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathway.Gossypetin exhibits antimutagenic, antiatherosclerotic, antioxidant, as well as cytoprotective and antimicrobial effects.It inhibits bone resorption by downregulating lysosomal caspase K activity and inducing autophagy-associated proteins in actin ring osteoclasts. Gossypetin has anti-mutagenic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-oxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects, and it inhibits bone resorption by down-regulating lysosomal caspase K activity and by inducing autophagy-associated protein in actin ring osteoblasts.

Mauritianin, a kaempferol glycoside isolated from the flowers and leaves of Acalypha indica, is a topoisomerase I inhibitor with cytoprotective activity.