carcinogen

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU/MNU/NMH) is a nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties; as a direct-acting alkylating agent, it interacts with DNA and targets multiple animal organs to induce various cancers and degenerative diseases, and is commonly used to induce disease models such as gastric cancer and breast cancer in mice.

Azoxymethane (AOM) is a colon-specific carcinogen that induces DNA damage and forms DNA adducts, and is commonly used to establish mouse models of colorectal cancer.

N-Nitrosomorpholine is a light-sensitive nitrosamine with strong carcinogenicity in animals and is commonly used to induce liver cancer models.

N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine (1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine, DNP) is a known carcinogen associated with the development and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Its carcinogenic mechanism involves multiple signaling pathways, particularly exerting effects through the regulation of phosphorylation at the Ser568 site of the LYRIC protein. It can be used to induce esophageal cancer models.

Dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen, and mutagen, and is commonly used to establish liver tumor models.